From the mba think tank encyclopedia (https://wiki. Mbalib. Com/)
Society
Society is the assembly of people living together through a variety of social relationships. Among the most important social relationships that shape society are family relations, common culture and traditional practices. At a micro level, society emphasizes peerness and extends to alliances for the common good. At the macro level, society is a long-term cooperative member of society, forming groups through the development of organizational relationships, which in turn form institutional, state and other forms of organization。
Anthropology
Human societyOften classified according to their primary production methods。SociologySome of the societies thus divided are hunting and gathering societies, nomadic pastoral societies, horticultural or low-level agricultural societies, and higher agricultural societies (also known as civilizations). It was argued that industrial and post-industrial societies were inherently different from traditional agricultural societies。
Modern anthropologists and social scientists are strongly opposed to this strict stage of civilization. Indeed, more anthropological research data prove that complexity (civilization, population growth and density, specialization, etc.) is not always organized in hierarchical or hierarchical forms。
In addition, cultural relativism, as a universal means/ethics, has extensively replaced the original concept of civilization, “better/less favourable, or the process of development” (including material civilization, technology and social organization)。
Anthropologist maurice goodall argues that one of the key differences in human society, compared to the biological closeness of human beings (other primates), is the male tacit fatherhood. The male patriarchy is not certain with the next of kin。
Sociology
The american sociologist gerhard lensky classifies society according to science and technology, information exchange and economics:
This classification is similar to the early classification of morton fried, an anthropologist, and elman seves, an aggregate theorist. Sevis has also created a common social classification system for human civilization, based on changes in social inequality and the status of the state system. The classification system is divided into the following categories:
1. A group of hunter-gatherers, usually equal to all
2. The tribal or ethnic pattern, with a certain degree of power
3. The hierarchy of leaders
Civil society, with different levels of government organs and institutions, complex organizations and levels
In addition:
A human society, founded on the human race itself, includes faith。
Virtual society, a web-based society developed in the information age。
Over time, some civilizations have evolved towards more complex forms of composition. The evolution of this civilization has far-reaching implications for group models. Predominant hunting and gathering tribes settle into farming villages, which in turn evolve into cities, which eventually become urban states or nations。
Human beings have learned to live in groups since 10,000 years ago, and have evolved into primitive tribes. In this original tribe, because of their environmental impact, they move or settle and slowly develop a common way of life, which translates into a distinct culture. When this culture becomes more advanced or powerful than neighbouring tribes and interacts with them, the cultural circle forms. When this tribe becomes large or numerous, they settle somewhere and build a concentration zone that forms a civilized society and urban civilization。
The term society is not defined too formally and generally refers to a group of self-emerging individuals who occupy a certain amount of space with their distinct cultures and customs. Since society is generally considered to be specific to human beings, society and human society generally have the same meaning. In areas such as scientific research and science fiction, societies are sometimes referred to as “living societies” and “external societies”。
A narrow society, also known as the “community”, refers to the extent of group human activity and concentration, such as concentration, villages, towns, cities, etc. In a broad sense, a society, a country, a large area or a cultural circle, such as british society, the east, south-east asia or the western world, can also be invoked as a cultural practice. The subject of study on human society is called sociology。
1 cultural, organized system. It is organized by a certain cultural pattern of people。
Productive activities are the foundation of all social activities and must be produced in any society。
Any particular period of history is the largest social group in which humanity lives together。
Specific societies have clear regional boundaries and are within a certain spatial range。
5 there is continuity and non-continuity. Any particular society is a heritage inherited from its predecessors; at the same time, it has a horizontal connection with the surrounding society, with its own characteristics and manifests a clear lack of continuity。
There is a self-regulating mechanism, a “living organism” capable of initiative, creativity and transformation that can proactively adjust its relationship with the environment and create conditions for its survival and development。
Karl marx is based on material production: “acoa, ancient, feudal, and modern bourgeois production can be seen as an evolution of socio-economic patterns” (marx engles, vol. 2) and anticipate the emergence of a communist society. The basic forms of society were then summarized in five forms: primitive societies, slave societies, feudal societies, capitalist societies and communist societies (socialism is its early stages)。
Other distinctions are made in sociology with regard to social types. It is divided into:
1 hunting and gathering society。
This is the earliest and simplest society, characterized by survival through hunting and harvesting, smaller social groups, shifting living areas, little dedicated division of labour, based on kinship and kinship。
2 livestock society。
It is usually found in areas not suitable for farming but suitable for grazing and livestock breeding. Characteristics are: the emergence of surplus products, private property, and hierarchies, class, inter-group conflicts and wars, and the emergence of political, economic, religious and cultural systems。
Three years of civil society。
It occurs in areas that are suitable for farming, with the initial mastery of farming methods. It is characterized by an increase in the cultivation of crops as the main method of production, a decline in hunting and harvesting, the emergence of larger sedentary social groups and, like pastoral societies, the beginning of inequality and class differentiation。
4 agricultural society, also known as former industrial society。
It developed with the invention of plowshares. The invention of ploughs, the use of iron, animal, wind and water applications have laid the foundation for more developed agricultural production and small-scale handicraft production. There is a proliferation of surplus social products, a stronger social class and hierarchy, and a significant increase in bureaucracy and bureaucracy。
5 industrial society, also known as modern society。
It was created and developed since the industrial revolution of the 17th-18th century. Large-scale industrial systems began to emerge after mechanical power, such as steam engines and electricity, replaced human and natural power. The urbanization of urban centres and the specialization of the system of division of labour have emerged, resulting in modern bureaucracy and modern social institutions and systems such as education, health, insurance and services. At the same time, social relations that are dehumanizing have gradually replaced those of blood and relatives. Since the 1980s, some sociologists have introduced the concept of a post-industrial society. It was considered that automation, information technology would be widespread and developed in such societies. It is characterized by a shift from a production economy to a service economy; the dominance of professions and technicians; the centrality of theoretical knowledge and its role as a source of social innovation and policy formulation; the rapid development of control technologies, their validation and the creation of new “smart technologies”。
The german sociologist f. Tennis distinguishes between social forms of organization, and proposes a customary and legal society. The former, also known as the community, refers to traditional societies. The latter, also known as the social network, refers to modern industrial societies。
The american sociologist gerhard lenski classified society according to scientific and technological aspects, information exchange and economic aspects as:
Predominant hunting and gathering tribes settle into farming villages, which in turn evolve into cities, which eventually become urban states or nations。
This classification is similar to the early classification of morton h. Fried, an anthropologist, and elman service, a combined theorist. The latter, in turn, created a common social classification system for human civilization, based on changes in social inequality and the status of the state system. The classification system is divided into the following categories:
(1) a group of hunter-gatherers, usually equal to all
(2) a tribal or ethnic form, with a certain degree of status and power
(3) a hierarchy of leaders
(4) civil society, with different levels of government organs and systems, complex organizations and levels
(5) a human society, founded on the human race itself, including faith。
Modern anthropologists and social scientists are strongly opposed to this strict stage of civilization. Indeed, more anthropological research data prove that complexity (civilization, population growth and density, specialization, etc.) is not always organized in hierarchical or hierarchical forms. In addition, the original concept of civilization has been widely replaced by the relativism of civilization as a means/ethics of universality, “better/better, or the process of development” (including material civilization, technology and social organization)。
In addition, sociologists and anthropologists distinguish society from a non-written society or from a pre-written society and a written society, using words as a symbol of social progress。
1 integrated functionality
Societies organize countless individual people into a single force, adjusting contradictions, conflicts and antagonisms and keeping them within limits and maintaining unity. The so-called integration consists mainly of cultural, normative, opinion and functional integration。
2 communications function
Society creates tools for human interaction, such as languages, scripts and symbols, and provides the necessary space for human interaction to maintain and develop human relations。
3-direction function
Society has a set of behavioural norms to maintain the normal social order, to regulate relations between people, and to set and direct their thinking and behaviour. Orientation can be tangible, such as by means of coercion, such as through law, or by means of non-coercive means, such as public opinion, or invisible, such as through subterranean practices。
4 functions of succession and development
Human life is short, humans are constantly changing from generation to generation, and society is enduring. The material and spiritual culture created by human beings accumulates and develops through society。
For the survival and development of any stock, the surrounding environment needs to be monitored and observed. This is true of sheep and cattle, as well as of some species of wildlife such as geese. Of course, human society cannot be compared to animal populations, but it also requires constant surveillance and observation of the surrounding environment. Moreover, the importance of environmental surveillance and observation is accentuated by the extremely complex structure of human society。
1. Original society
Slavery
3. The feudal society
4. Semi-colonial semi-enclosed society
5. Recent society
Capitalist society
7. State capitalist society
8. Socialist society
9. Communist society
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