Science, 0-3 yearsChildcare guidelines
(fifth part)
(iii) communication and play。
Purpose and meaning。
Communication and play areInfants and childrenThe important elements of parenting care are conducive to the building of good parent-child relationships and partnerships, the promotion of physical growth and motor development of children and the development of mental and social capacities。
To guide caregivers to value and master the knowledge and skills of parent-child communication and play campaigns, to make full use of family and social resources, to provide children with opportunities for all kinds of exchange and play, and to promote the synergistic development of the capacities of infants and young children。
2. Guidance elements。
(1) parent-child communication。
1 physical contact. The parent-child exchange is carried out through intimate contact with the body, such as touching, hugging, etc., so that the child and the child can feel the care of the child, establish attachment and develop affection。
2 body language. Fosterers express their concern, love, encouragement and consolation for infants and young children through eyes, faces, physical actions, etc., thus further promoting filiation and child interaction。
3 language communication. The parent uses language to communicate with the child at the earliest opportunity, starting with a simple voice, gradually moving to words, phrases, and then to the full text. To describe the people, everyday goods, activities and things around them, to help them practice and speak, and to develop their understanding and expression skills. As language skills improve, it is often necessary to tell stories, read drawings, sing, hear and speak, and provide a rich linguistic environment for them。
(2) play sports。
1 free play. Fosters should use indoor and outdoor conditions and places for free play with infants and young children. Proactively creating an atmosphere of happiness, paying attention to the curiosity of infants and young children, and directing them to experiment with different activities and to stimulate interest in exploration through accompanying, interacting, demonstration, etc。
Two-child game. Parent-child interactive games are the most common and important forms of activity for infants and young children, such as reading children's songs, imitating animal voices, imitating phone calls with babies, listening to instructions to take things, avoiding cats and cats, clapping hands, calling names, looking in the mirror, identifying body parts, etc. Toys are chosen according to the age and level of development of infants and young children, and caregivers are encouraged to play games using everyday objects or homemade toys, such as using empty boxes to play high-base games. In parent-child games, emphasis is placed on the development of the capacities of infants and young children in the areas of cognitive, linguistic, emotional and social contact, and the involvement of fathers is promoted。
3 exercise. In keeping with the physical development of infants and young children, full use is made of safe and open spaces in and out of the house, providing opportunities to climb, walk, run, jump, etc., as well as to practice fine moves such as grabs, stairwells and graffiti. (b) avoiding prolonged sitting for more than one hour. Young children have at least three hours of physical activity per day, including at least two hours of outdoor activity, and special weather conditions such as haze and high temperatures may reduce outdoor activity time as appropriate。
The main points of parent-child exchange and play in different age groups are set out in annex 4。
(3) social experience。
1 family activities. The caregivers are expected to provide a happy family life for the infants and young children, including daily food, clothing, accommodation and various family activities. (c) systematically involve young children in household work where they are able, such as the practice of organizing their own clothing, supplies, toys, books, etc., to improve life skills and self-care. Through family activities such as visits to friends, family gatherings, birthdays and festivals, infants and young children are helped to learn and live with others and to gain a rich life experience。
2 partnering. Parents should often create opportunities for children and young children to interact and play with their peers. Proactive behaviour is recognized and appreciated in a timely manner by demonstrating and guiding pro-social behaviour, such as caring, sharing and cooperation for early childhood development. In dealing with children, help young children learn simple rules of behaviour. To focus on the emotional changes of infants and young children and to alleviate their anxiety, fear, anger, etc. By touching, hugging, soft tone。
Community activities. Fosters should make full use of community resources (parks, children's centres, children's playgrounds, cultural and cultural venues, etc.) to take children to visit, visit, play, touch nature and experience。
(iv) life-care guidance。
Purpose and meaning。
Good day-to-day care is a fundamental guarantee for the growth and development of infants and young children, an important manifestation of the practice of responsive care by caregivers and an important link in establishing filiation。
To guide caregivers to the importance of providing care for infants and young children, to create a good home environment, to develop day-to-day care and health-care skills, to develop a healthy lifestyle for infants and young children and to develop a good lifestyle。
2. Guidance elements。
(1) home environment。
1 family culture. In the past few years, the country has been able to create a friendly, harmonious and pleasant family environment. Good parenting is accompanied by good relations between husband and wife and between relatives, with full communication between families and consistent parenting and attitudes. To address family conflicts correctly, avoid neglect of infants and young children, and eliminate child abuse and all forms of domestic violence。
2 family facilities. The home environment must be clean and comfortable. Provision of equipment adapted to the age characteristics of infants and young children, such as cuisine and water cups, children's canteens, etc. Appropriate toys, pictures and books are provided according to the level of infant and child development. A simple, colourful and child-friendly wallchart is posted in the right place。
3 child space. The family has relatively static and safe areas of activity for infants and young children, and the spaces and facilities are adapted to the characteristics and level of development of infants and young children。
(2) daily care。
One clothing nurse. (c) provide quality, comfortable, clean and safe clothing for infants and young children. When wearing clothes or changing diapers, care is taken to observe the response of infants and young children and to gradually lead babies to learn to cooperate and to wear their own clothes by responding and interacting with their faces, language, etc。
2 bathroom care. The importance of personal hygiene of infants and young children is emphasized, they are often bathed and their caregivers should be present at all times. By singing children's songs, telling stories, etc., infant and young children are shown the right methods of washing their hands, washing their faces, brushing their teeth, etc., to guide and encourage young children to do their own work。
3 excrement care. Attention is paid to the movements and expressions of infants and young children before they go to pee, their time patterns are kept in place, the manner in which they express themselves is gradually developed, and the time spent using diapers is gradually reduced during the day after the age of 2。
(3) take care。
To guide parenting learning about the use of common methods of taking care of infants and young children, such as abdominal and vertebrae, to provide daily care for infants and young children and to improve their health。
(4) sleep care。
1 sleeping environment. The bedroom should be quiet and fresh, with an indoor temperature of 20°c ~ 25°c. The light does not need to be over-covered during the day and lights are put out at night. It is not appropriate to place television, etc., in the bedroom。
2 sleep time. Adequate sleep is guaranteed to infants and young children, with a total of 12 to 17 hours per day and 10 to 14 hours per day. Children and young children must sleep for more than eight hours at night。
Three to sleep. (b) to develop the child's own sleeping habits, to recognize the child's sleep signals, to allow her to sleep independently and in a timely manner, and to avoid poor sleeping habits, such as hugs, shakings and nipples。
(v) injury prevention。
Purpose and meaning。
Preventing harm is a fundamental responsibility of parenting, is essential to the health of infants and young children throughout their lives and is an important element in helping them to develop a sense of safety and behaviour。
(b) to provide guidance to caregivers on the prevention of harm among infants and young children, bearing in mind that they are not allowed to leave the perspective of their caregivers, develop behavioural habits for safe care, promote environmental safety, acquire common first aid skills and prevent injuries among infants and young children。
2. Guidance elements。
(1) strengthening care。
1 focus. When caring for infants and young children, electronic devices such as mobile phones should not be used at the same time and other non-essential activities should not be carried out. When many people are with infants and young children, one person should be identified as taking care of them。
Close care. Stay close to the baby. Infants and young children are kept within reach in water or at water edges, heights, with animals around them, etc。
Care taboo. Children are not left without care, are not allowed to play unsafe games with them, and are not allowed to be cared for by minors。
4 model behaviour. The caregivers themselves observe safety rules, provide a safety model for young children in day-to-day care, teach them to recognize the risk of harm, raise the safety awareness of young children and help them establish safe behaviour habits。
(2) creating a safe environment。
1 clear the hazard. The detection and removal of sharp objects in the areas of infant and child activity at all times can include entrances, noses, ear pieces or food, broken toys, unsafe sports and entertainment equipment, medicines, chemicals, etc。
2. Segregation of danger. Stairs, kitchens should be equipped with fences, gates, medicines, daily chemicals, heat, knives, power, electrical appliances, which are not accessible to infants and young children. Water pools, canals, canals, wells, etc. Should be covered。
3 use of safe products. The selection of age-appropriate toys and children's items with security quality certification. Safety-related products such as safe seats for children, furniture protection corners, window locks, etc。
(3) urgent disposal。
1 cpr. Parents should learn and master the methods of assessment of infant and child consciousness, breathing and heartbeat, as well as the methods of cpr for infants and young children of different ages。
2 common injury disposal. The caregiver shall take the initiative to learn basic pre-hospital bleeding, dressing, fixation and handling techniques. Learn to deal with abdominal shocks, back prostrations, chest shocks, etc., in infant and young children. (c) on-site treatment methods to wash, impregnate with cold water after burning, safely remove clothing from the wound and prevent facial infections。
Abuse and violence. Attention is paid to the observation of infants and young children, who are suspected of being victims of abuse or violence, to seek the assistance of specialized departments in a timely manner and to report them to the public security organs, etc。
(vi) control and care for common health problems。
Purpose and meaning。
Regular health check-ups and timely vaccination are necessary strategies to prevent common health problems in infants and young children and are important guarantees for their healthy development。
Through guidance, caregivers are made aware of and aware of the common health problems of infants and young children and have the appropriate skills in home care。
2. Guidance elements。
(1) home care for high-risk children。
Children at high risk of health risk factors, such as premature births, low birth weights and newborns with birth complications, are directed to timely attendance by their caregivers, and family interventions and care are conducted under the guidance of a doctor。
(2) prevention and control of nutritional diseases。
1 iron deficiency anaemia. From the age of june, iron-rich food is added in time to prevent iron deficiency anaemia. Iron-deficiency anaemia should be replenished in a timely manner on medical advice。
2 malnutrition. The energy, protein and other nutrients required for the growth of infants and young children are guaranteed by the rational addition of supplementary food. Persons whose body length is still growing poorly after two or six consecutive times of poor weight growth or nutritional improvement require consultations at specialized clinics. Child nutrition and feeding guidance is strengthened to promote the combination of eating and weighting and to prevent and reduce child overweight and obesity。
3 vitamin d d deficiency std. The disease peaked at 3 to 18 months. Vitamin d can be replenished after the child's birth, and outdoor activities are carried out as early as possible to fully expose the body and prevent the occurrence of epilepsy. Vitamin d deficiency sepsis should be treated on medical advice。
(3) prevention of infectious diseases and home care。
Early childhood rashes, rubella, hand-and-foot oral diseases, pox and influenza are common infectious diseases among infants and young children. Patients should provide timely vaccinations for infants and young children, maintain indoor air flow, take care of personal hygiene, actively engage in physical exercise, and prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases when they are concentrated during their epidemic. Treatment is provided in accordance with medical instructions during the period of illness of infants and young children, as well as for the clean sterilization of quarantines and environmental goods, as well as for rest and nutrition, and for oral, skin, etc。
(4) identification of acute illness。
The following symptoms are recommended for immediate consultation: the state of mental health is relatively uneven, with a marked reduction in the intake of water or milk; convulsions or convulsions; frequent vomiting; an acceleration of breathing (1 minute count of breathing, < 60 in february, > 50 in 2-12 months and 40 in 3 years of age); respiratory difficulties, such as the movement of the nose, cavity, etc., and the suspension of breathing with violets; the diarrhea water which lasts from 2 to 3 days, with blood and with a marked reduction or absence of urine; dimpled eyes or cavity of the door, with little elastic skin and few tears when crying; a large number of tremors in the cord, red and swelling of the skin around the umbilical cord; severe yellow dye of the skin of the newborn (hand or sole of the chest), sting of the skin; and an ostemperous substance in the eye or ear。
