Executive summary
1. The birth of the press: the official press, represented by the news; the moscow news and the early popular press; the control of the press by the tsar regime; and the activities of the december party and herzen. The newspaper, the first russian official newspaper to be founded by tsar peter i, was born in moscow on 2 january 1703, with the aim of reporting on the war, marking the birth of russia's recent newspaper industry. The newspaper is the oldest and longest-standing official in the recent history of the russian press. It has done a great deal of public opinion for the consolidation, development and continuation of the tsaric dictatorship and is a powerful instrument of government。
In 1756, moscow university created the moscow news, modelled on the newspaper newspaper, thus breaking the monopoly of the official newspaper. The moscow news, an unofficial school-run newspaper that focuses on disseminating scientific knowledge and new ideas and ideas in the west, is well received by the intellectual community. The political stance of the moscow news has frequently changed as a result of the easier editorial power of newspapers. In the eighteenth century, private publications emerged, the most influential of which was a democracy-oriented magazine founded by the original thinker, novikov (1744-1818). It exposes the brutal exploitation of serfdom by serfs and points to the reactionary nature of serfdom and becomes a place for the promotion of democratic ideas。
At the end of the 18th century, the russian peasant uprising was marred by the influence of the french revolution. In order to preserve the feudal rule, yekaterina ii has taken repressive measures against the newly-emerged private press and press. She has also established a pre-trial system of books and publications, which requires that they be submitted to the government for review before publication. Under the strict control of the tsar government, all progressive publications disseminating democratic ideas have been blocked and progressive journalists have been expelled. The most influential newspaper of the december party is the arctic star (1823-1825). It is an occasional publication of the december party's secret organization, the northern association, which focuses on promoting the liberation of serfdoms, abolishing censorship and mobilizing people against feudal dictatorship. After the failure of the party uprising in december 1825, tsar nicolai i used extreme means to suppress the insurgents and their publications. It was during this period that the noble revolutionaries, led by herzen, inherited the cause of the december party, published “free press” abroad, strongly criticized the authoritarian system, extensively debated the issue of serfdom, promoted the development of the democratic movement and finally forced the tsar to declare a top-down liberation。
The creation and development of bourgeois newspapers:Press development); the revolutionary democratic press, represented by cherniševski; the leading populist newspaper. After the abolition of serfdom in 1861 and the relaxation of the control of the tsar government over public opinion, the russian press and the press really developed. It is only in recent times that the curtains of russian journalism have officially opened. Revolutionary democrats, acting on behalf of the interests of the masses of the people in general, and farmers in particular, had been at the dawn of the 1940s, and their influence continued beyond the 1960s. These intellectuals of civilian origin, represented by cherniševski, have created a number of democratic newspapers, the most famous of which are the periodicals congener and fatherland chronicle. The populists own the russian wealth, the european bulletin, the russian labour, the weekly, among others, which are most famously known as russian wealth。
3Proletarian newspapersThe rise and development of the workers ' movement and the early workers ' press; the lenin and all-russian political newspapers, mars; the division of the russian social democratic labour party and the bolshevik newspaper; the popular political daily, the truth; and the struggle of the proletarian press for the triumph of the october revolution. With the development of the capitalist economy, the proletariat has evolved into an independent political force. With the growing ranks of the proletariat, the revolutionary movement of the proletariat has flourished, and the proletariat press has emerged as a class opinion organ. Early workers' newspapers include the workers' dawn, the workers' news, the petersburg workers' paper, and the forward
At the turn of the nineteenth century and the turn of the century, the situation of the russian revolution was rising. Since the first congress of the social democratic labour party did not really set up the party, it became a matter of urgency to clarify ideas and create a party capable of leading the revolutionary movement. In order to establish such a political party, lenin believed that it was first and foremost to be a journalist。
In the autumn of 1900, lenin travelled abroad and plehanov and others from the liberation of labour discussed the issues surrounding the newspaper and prepared a personal publication plan. On 24 december 1900, the newspaper mars was published in leipzig, germany, and shortly moved to munich, london, etc. Lenin is actually the editor and leader of mars. The track record of the mars newspaper: the mars newspaper made an important contribution to the russian revolutionary movement during the three-year period of lenin. First, through the struggle against economic sects, most local workers ' organizations were freed from the influence of opportunism, accepted the ideology of marxism and prepared the ideological basis for the establishment of a party. Second, through the extensive efforts of the network of chargés, decentralized local organizations have been brought together to lay the foundation for the formation of the party. Thirdly, through extensive discussion and advocacy, the right platform was prepared for the establishment of the party. In sum, the difficult task of bringing together decentralized organizations within the initial ucps and preparing for the convening of the party congress has been accomplished through the above-mentioned elements. In 1903, the second congress of the russian social democratic labour party passed
The platform presented by the martian newspaper was also designated by the congress as the central organ. While the second congress of the russian social democratic labour party had established the party, there had been serious disagreements and divisions between lenin and martov, among others, during the discussions on the party charter. The leadership of the martian newspaper was usurped by monsheviks, the new central organ of the bushwick party, the proletarian, and several other newspapers。
The newspaper the truth, a popular political daily founded by the lenin-led bolshevik party, was launched in petersburg in may 1912, when it made important achievements in guiding the workers ' movement and creating a generation of workers revolutionaries, and was seized by the tsar government in july 1914. In march 1917, as the central organ of the party, it made an important contribution to the preparation and implementation of the october revolution. Following the triumph of the revolution, the advocacy organization was fully utilized during the period of consolidation of soviet power, socialist construction and the patriotic war. The soviet union broke up at the end of 1991, and the newspaper evolved into a private left newspaper that continued to be published in russia. The proletariat newspapers have made important preparations for the october revolution by first exposing the essence of the interim government and promoting the idea of putting the revolution to the end. The newspapers have repeatedly stated that the february revolution, despite its victory, is far from a full victory. For the revolution to be truly successful, the regime must be taken from the interim government. Secondly, the lenin outline of april was promoted. The outline answered a number of important questions from the revolution and set a course for the transition from a bourgeois democratic revolution to a socialist one. The newspaper promotes the unification of party ideology。
Thirdly, to promote the spirit of the april delegates ' meeting and the soviet restructuring. In april 1917, the bolshevik party convened a meeting of representatives to discuss the basic issues of war and revolution and put forward the slogan “all regimes to the soviet union”. The spirit of the conference was widely reported in the truth, which facilitated the implementation of the resolutions。
Fourthly, direct advocacy and promotion of armed uprisings. It first promoted the marxist idea of an armed uprising in theory, while giving extensive coverage to the activities of the revolutionary councils and red guards in various parts of the country。
Key terms
1. The news
The publication of the news, the first russian paper to be launched by tsar peter i and launched in moscow in april 1703, marked the emergence of russia's modern press. The newspaper, which was launched on an irregular basis, is a tool for the government to publish relevant documents. In 1728, the newspaper was taken over by the russian academy of sciences, focusing on science, culture and education, and in 1800 it was replaced by a daily newspaper. After the triumph of the revolution in october, it was suspended at the end of 1917。
2. Mars
Mars is the all-russian political newspaper founded by lenin and published in leipzig, germany, in 1900. During the three years of lenin's chairmanship, the newspaper actively promoted marxist ideas, played an important advocacy and organizational role in the formation of a new class of proletarians, and was identified by the second congress of the russian social democratic labour party as the party's central organ. In april 1903, monshevik usurped the leadership of the newspaper and suspended it in 1905。
3. Party organizations and party publications
An important article published by lenin in 1905 in the new life newspaper, the organization and the publication of the party. In this article, lenin, for the first time, made it clear that the party's publications are party-specific, stating that the party's editorial propaganda should be part of the proletarian cause, that the party's views should be clearly publicized and that it should serve millions of working people。
4. The truth
The newspaper the truth, a popular political daily founded by the lenin-led bolshevik party, was launched in petersburg in may 1912, when it made important achievements in guiding the workers ' movement and creating a generation of workers revolutionaries, and was seized by the tsar government in july 1914. In march 1917, as the central organ of the party, it made an important contribution to the preparation and implementation of the october revolution. Following the triumph of the revolution, the advocacy organization was fully utilized during the period of consolidation of soviet power, socialist construction and the patriotic war. The soviet union broke up at the end of 1991, and the newspaper evolved into a private left newspaper that continued to be published in russia。
Iii. Key statements
1. Briefly describe the general course of the development of the proletarian press during the period in saudi arabia。
The saudi-era proletarian press went through roughly three stages of development: the workers ' press, the all-russian political newspaper and the bolshevik newspaper. The first workers ' newspaper was the workers ' dawn, founded in 1880. It's only one issue out. The “worker class emancipation struggle association”, founded by the lenin leadership in 1895, had created the petersburg worker's paper for revolutionary propaganda. The first congress of the russian social democratic labour party, held in 1898, did not really establish the party. To that end, lenin led the creation of the all-russian political newspaper mars, through which it fought the economic wing of the opportunist faction and carried out the propaganda and organization of the revolution, fulfilling the difficult task of uniting the whole party, uniting decentralized organizations and preparing for a second party congress. Following the establishment of the party, two different political factions emerged — bolsheviks and monsheviks. The leadership of the mars newspaper was later usurped by monsheviks. Lenin led bolshevik in the creation of newspapers such as " the proletarians of the future " and " the new life " . In 1912, a popular political daily, the truth, was founded, which made an important contribution to the education and development of a proletarian revolution and to the preparation and implementation of the october revolution。
Briefly describe the background, history and historical merit of the creation of mars。
The background and history of the creation of the mars newspaper: the 19th century and the turn of the century, the situation of the russian revolution is rising. Since the first congress of the social democratic labour party did not really set up the party, it became a matter of urgency to clarify ideas and create a party capable of leading the revolutionary movement. In order to establish such a political party, lenin believed that it was first and foremost to be a journalist. In the autumn of 1900, lenin travelled abroad and plehanov and others from the liberation of labour discussed the issues surrounding the newspaper and prepared a personal publication plan. On 24 december 1900, the newspaper mars was published in leipzig, germany, and shortly moved to munich, london, etc. Lenin is actually the editor and leader of mars. The track record of the mars newspaper: the mars newspaper made an important contribution to the russian revolutionary movement during the three-year period of lenin. First, through the struggle against economic sects, most local workers ' organizations were freed from the influence of opportunism, accepted the ideology of marxism and prepared the ideological basis for the establishment of a party. Second, through the extensive efforts of the network of chargés, decentralized local organizations have been brought together to lay the foundation for the formation of the party. Thirdly, through extensive discussion and advocacy, the right platform was prepared for the establishment of the party. In sum, the difficult task of bringing together decentralized organizations within the initial ucps and preparing for the convening of the party congress has been accomplished through the above-mentioned elements. In 1903, the second congress of the russian social democratic labour party adopted the platform of the mars newspaper, which was also designated the central organ。
3. Briefly describe the important contribution of the newspaper the truth during the period of preparation and implementation of the october revolution。
Following the triumph of the revolution in february 917, the newspaper the truth resumed publication and made an important contribution to the preparation and implementation of the october socialist revolution。
This is done by, first of all, exposing the essence of the interim government and promoting the idea of putting the revolution to an end. The newspapers have repeatedly stated that the february revolution, despite its victory, is far from a full victory. For the revolution to be truly successful, the regime must be taken from the interim government. Secondly, the lenin outline of april was promoted. The outline answered a number of important questions from the revolution and set a course for the transition from a bourgeois democratic revolution to a socialist one. The newspaper promotes the unification of party ideology. Thirdly, to promote the spirit of the april delegates ' meeting and the soviet restructuring. In april 1917, the bolshevik party convened a meeting of representatives to discuss the basic issues of war and revolution and put forward the slogan “all regimes to the soviet union”. The spirit of the conference was widely reported in the truth, which facilitated the implementation of the resolutions. Fourthly, direct advocacy and promotion of armed uprisings. It first promoted the marxist idea of an armed uprising in theory, while giving extensive coverage to the activities of the revolutionary councils and red guards in various parts of the country。
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