Marine life (ii)
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Iii. Definitions and corresponding categories of plankton, swimming organisms and benthic organisms in marine bioecological communities
Plankton: the organism of this ecological group lacks developed motor organs, does not have or has only a weak ability to move and is suspended in the water layer often following currents; the vast majority of individuals are small and require microscopes to see their structure, but they are diverse, numerous, widely distributed and present in almost every maritime area of the world. Marine plankton is divided into two categories, phytoplankton and zooplankton, depending on the nutrition pattern。
The phytoplankton is mostly monocellular, with chlorophyll or other pigments, capable of absorbing light energy (sun-radiated energy) and co2 for photocosynthesis purposes, making organic matter (mainly carbohydrates), or home-grown plankton. The phytoplankton consists mainly of photogenous bacteria, blue algae, silicate algae, self-supporting algae, green algae, algae, yellow algae, etc。
Marine zooplankton: there are a wide variety of species and complex structures, including most classes of invertebrates, such as primary animals, cavities (including various jellyfish), rotor animals, crustacean arthropods, abdominal molluscs (including wing-footing and altoe), mackerels, cysts (including zooplankton with tails and seashells), and zooplankton larvae of various species. In zooplankton, it is important to have a crustacean apox。
Marine neuston: refers specifically to organisms living on sea gas interfaces and surface membranes, also known as marine surface organisms. Floating organisms include the two types of water drifter (pleuston) and neuston, which in turn include surface drifter (epineuston) and surface drifter, etc
Marine swimming organisms (nekton) are capable of overcoming current resistance and free movement in the water layer. They have developed motor organs and are an important ecological class of marine organisms. They are made up of species of fish, mammals, headfoots and crustaceans, as well as a few species of reptiles and birds。
Swimming organisms can be divided into four groups according to the different habitats in which these organisms live and their ability to adapt to current resistance: benthic swimming organisms, plankton swimming organisms, real swimming organisms, terrestrial swimming organisms
Marine benthic organisms are living in intertidal zones, shallow seas and deep seabeds, and they are a wide variety of ecological groups in marine life, including most marine fauna, large algae and marine seed plants. Marine benthic organisms can divide marine benthic plants into marine benthic animals in a nutritional manner. The number of benthic plant species is small, and the variety and composition of benthic fauna is diverse。
Iv. Concept of marine ecosystems
The term ecosystem refers to an ecological function of biological and abiotic components in a given space that interacts, interdependencies and controls through the flow of materials and energy。
: constituent elements of marine ecosystems
Any ecosystem consists of both life and non-living components. Non-living components of ecosystems include: inorganic substances, including various inorganic substances in the material cycle, such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water and various inorganic salts; organic compounds, including proteins, sugars, lipids and perishables; and climatic factors, including solar radiation, air temperature, humidity, wind and rainfall; as well as environmental factors specific to the oceans, such as water temperature, salinity, depth of sea water (silence, depth of light), tides, water herds and different substrate types. The life components of ecosystems can be divided into three functional clusters according to their functions in ecosystems: producers, consumers and decomposers. Producers include subsistence organisms in all oceans; consumers are animals dependent on flora and fauna. Some call these animals big decompositioners and bacteria and fungi small decompositioners。
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