When you're doing the washing, the rotten leaves are floating on the surface, the good ones are sinking under the water, and you divide them by "sinking." more than 90 per cent of the world's non-ferrous metals ores are selected using the same principle - floating. Add a couple of herbs to the mags, inflating it, and the useful minerals come out of the water with bubbles. This technology, which was born more than a hundred years ago, remains the leading force in the mining community today。
Start with a pot of wash water
Do you ever notice when you're washing? Bad leaves and bugs will float, and good food will sink. If you press the word "floating" and "sinking" and you understand the other way around -- to let valuables float up and go down with no value -- you can get a water basin。
This is what floats in the mining industry, and this is what's going on, but the scale is magnified by millions of times: a mining plant that treats tens of thousands of tons of minerals a day, and it's the only thing that's going to hold the bubble. Copper, lead, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, gold, pyrotechnics, phosphorus ... The vast majority of the world's non-ferrous ores are concentrated in this process。
Core concept: separation of minerals according to fear of water
The float is called foam float, and the rationale is clear: to use the difference between mineral surfaces, "water-friendly" and "water-dip."。
There are two types of natural type of calving ore in the water: water-friendly particles are held together, and water-skinned particles are kept in the water, and water-skinned particles, fearing water, are attached when they touch the bubble, and float all the way to the liquid surface, forming a thick bubble. Scratching out the foam is a concentrate of useful minerals。
The problem is that nature's minerals are water-difficult, often vice versa — for example, quartz is a pulse, which is water-friendly, but many of the useful minerals are naturally water-friendly and can't float. What do we do? Add medicine. The mission of the floating agent is to convert the surface of the floating particles to draught, locking the unfloating。
Decomposition: three drugs, one tank of gas
Three sets of chemical scenery are usually performed simultaneously in the magma of a floater。
Catcher: putting raincoats on target minerals
The catch agent is a two-sided molecule with a side of the mine and a side of the water drain. It's anchored on a useful mineral surface like a little hook, and the other end of the water-dipping "tail" is outward-looking -- the particles are ever afraid of water, and bubbles are attached. The choice of a sulphide mine is most commonly made with yellow medicine, which tends to use only a few dozen grams per ton, but can determine the fate of the entire production line。
Popper: make the right size elevator
The bubbles are too large to be able to carry a few ore grains; they are too small to float at a slow and low yield. The blowing agent allows the bubble to be fine, stable, resilient, like a reliable car for the elevator. The "coincidence" of bubbles and ore particles is also relevant: the right angle of contact keeps the ore on the bubble and brings it to the liquid surface。
Arbitrator: order of justice
It's not enough for the target minerals to float — there's always "like" impurities in the veins, such as the yellow iron ore in the copper ore, the side-lead ore and zinc in the lead ore. The inhibitor is responsible for the pressure that should not float, the active agent is responsible for the awakening of the float in the next round, and the ph adjuster is responsible for moving the entire reaction environment to the most comfortable zone of the agent. The multi-metal mine is separated by the sequence of "who first presses who floats."。
Three sets of agents are ready, the ore is inflated, the foam layer floats, the scraping sheet scrapes the foam into the concentrate tank, and the rest of the sink is tailings. A float is not pure, and it's a series of processes, like funnels。
Knowledge card 1: why should the ore grind first
Floating is a matter of granular surfaces, where a few millimeters of minerals and pulsations are used and where the agent can only function. It has to be sharpened to about 0. 074 mm (200 m) so that the useful minerals can be detached as monomerly as far as possible in order to float. Too rough — with a large symbiotic body and a low recovery rate; too thin — there is an increase in the consumption of pharmaceutical products, soiling interference and high cost. The fineness of the mill is therefore called the "most expensive parameter"。
Evidence of actual cases
Case one: "bronze after molybdenum" from a large copper molybdenum mine. In the northern part of the country, one of the country's most large plastered copper molybdenum mines contains less than 0. 5 per cent copper and lower molybdenum. The mining plant concentrates copper molybdenum sulphides with mixed floats, obtaining more than 20 per cent copper molybdenum concentrates; then presses copper minerals with inhibitors, single molybdenum floats, and, after a number of periods, select molybdenum grades to refer to more than 45 per cent molybdenum mineral standards. A combination of "mixed + separated" fists that sell both metals at a good price。
Case two: the anti-floating baroline silicate in a mine. One of the major magnets in the south uses the "anti-floating" approach to meet the stringent requirements of the furnace for iron powder. - it's not iron that floats, it's impurities: silica is floated with meds and iron minerals are left at the bottom of the sink. The iron grade was thus mentioned at more than 69 per cent from about 65 per cent to become the raw material for competition at high-quality steel factories. Reverse, same increase。
Case iii: the float of an offshore lithium platinum project. The recovery rate of lithium platinum from subsequent processes has been significantly increased by the floating removal of cloud masts and pebbles prior to the selection of gravity by a hard rock lithium mine overseas. In the lower lithium price cycle, such process optimization as "a grade-up, plus a profit" has become a key bargaining chip for the cost of the project。
Extended thinking: three new paths to 100 years old technology
The float was born in the early twentieth century and remains an absolute major source of mining, but it has not stopped。
One is greener. Traditional agents are partially sulfur-containing, with high environmental stress. Biodegradable trappers, cyanide-free inhibitors are replacing the old formulation and the rate of tailings water reuse is increasing year by year。
The second is greater equipment. The single volume of the float tank has been 600 cubic metres from a few cubic metres, and the float column has obtained higher-quality concentrates from a longer bubble journey; the online grade analyser plus the ai plus model is turning the "teacher look at the foam" experience into a replicable algorithm。
Three is the battleground expanding. Lithium from salt lakes, ion-type rare soil leachate, black powder recovery of used batteries, all on floats or variants. Resources are becoming more "poor, thin, complex" and more and more fragrances are choosing the "surface chemistry" technique。
Knowledge card 2: recovery rate and grade board
The float has two relatively strong indicators: recovery rate (how much useful minerals are recovered) and grade (how pure the useful ingredients in the concentrate). It's a bit sharper, the recovery rate goes up, and the pulverite comes in, the grade falls; it's used, the grade is high, and the metal goes off in the tailings. The day-to-day mining engineer is looking for the balance on this board。
The next time you see the bubble-throwing tank in the row next to the mine, you'll know that there's no magic there, the physics that was seen a hundred years ago and still evolves — let the water-fearing minerals go home in a bubble elevator。
Sunshine translation
The beijing sunshine language translator limited (suntrans) is a translation and advisory service provider focused on mining and energy. Sunshine was established in beijing in february 2008, with branches in new york and offices in uganda and pakistan. Over the past 18 years, under the leadership of the chairman, dr. Lu, the sun has developed rapidly and steadily, and the core position has been expanded from “building china's geological mining translator-leading brand” to “china's international mining energy services platform”, which covers international service blocks such as translation, exhibition, consultation, headhunting, “across the road” and mining energy media。
Sunshine translation is an internationally leading multi-language service provider in specialized fields, a member of the chinese association of translators, a member of the china language services industrial innovations alliance and a member of the global geological information sharing board of the china mining federation. Sunshine has provided a holistic linguistic solution to the internationalization and localization of chinese enterprises in the geological, mining and oil fields, and has provided mining and energy advisory services to facilitate the internationalization of chinese mining enterprises。
Sunshine translator
Mining and energy advice: mineral resource assessment, due diligence, mining investment financing interface, offshore mining marketing and sales advice, big data analysis client excavation。
Assessment of mineral resources: refers to a process of integrated assessment of mineral resources, including assessments of mineral reserves, grade, conditions of exploitation, etc., in order to determine the value and potential of exploitation of mineral resources。
Due diligence: refers to a thorough investigation and analysis of the relevant business or project prior to a commercial transaction or investment to confirm its authenticity, feasibility and risk and to ensure that the investment makes informed decisions。
(c) the interface between mining investment financing: it refers to the provision of investment financing services to mining enterprises to help them find suitable investors or sources of financing to facilitate the conclusion of investment transactions。
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The west mandu iron mine project was marked by a major breakthrough: july 2025, when the steel track fell and the global iron ore pattern accelerated
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