CommonMiningTerminologyWhat do they mean? Fifty-three commonly used mining terms have been selected for this purpose, as detailed below:
1. Ores and original minerals: from which technical and economic conditions permitRecoveryUseful ingredient or productMineralsThe conglomerate is called ore. The value of the ore depends mainly on the content of its useful ingredients and the amount of impurities that are hazardous to processing. Ores can be divided into poor ores and rich ores according to the quantity of useful ingredients they contain; metallic ores and non-metallic ores can be classified by type of metal. The ore extracted from the mines is referred to as the original ore, i. E. The raw material of the selection plant。
2. Useful minerals: minerals to be recovered by a mining plant that can be smelted or otherwise used. Examples include lead in sulphides, copper, zinc, yellow iron, etc.; magnetite in oxides, iron ore, cassiterite, black tungsten and tungsten; and minerals consisting of silicate, carbonate, sulphate, phosphate, hydroxide and halide。
3. Waste stones: crude debris discarded during the mining process. Waste stones are usually discarded during the pre-selection stage in the form of re-selection, heavy media selection, photo-selection, magnetic selection and selection. Pre-selection to remove waste stones helps to reduce the cost of mining。
4. Pulse: minerals other than those used in the original ore being treated are commonly referred to. Pulses usually also include encircles, which often need not be distinguished from them during the selection process。
5. Mines and powder mines: a piece of ore is referred to as a piece of ore and a powdered ore is referred to as powder. There are no clear criteria for the demarcation of the blocks and powder mines, usually at a scale of 15-20 mm. Sometimes less than 5 mm is referred to as mineral powder。
6. Mineral ore and mineral sludge: sand ore is called ore, mud ore is called ore, ore is contained in the original ore is called primary ore mud, and mine ore from the process of fragmentation and grinding is called secondary ore mud. When primary ore sludge is high, it often leads to fragmentation, jamming of sifting equipment, which contains clay-like substances that affect mineral selection indicators and therefore require pre-cleaning。
7. For minerals: ore or mineral slurry for the purpose of a mining system into an operation or equipment. When the grade of the original ore fluctuates significantly, it is necessary to adjust the operation in a timely manner so as not to affect the mining performance. A similar effect would be felt in changes in the composition and quantity of minerals. In order to achieve stable mineral extraction, mining should be planned and managed well。
8. Optimal nature of ores:ProcessEvaluation. The choice of ore is a combination of the composition and structure of the ore, the type and content of the priced and harmful components and the status of deposit, the level of mining technology and the requirements for product quality, and the selection indicators through small-scale mining tests. The purpose is to determine the possibility of selection of the ore for use in geological storage evaluation or test mining studies prior to development。
9. Crude selection, selection and sweep: selection of the original ore leads to a concentration of useful components, but the process of producing a qualified concentrate or dropping the final tailings is called rough selection, and the resulting enrichment is called rough concentrate. The process of selecting rough concentrates to further improve their taste is called the best. The process of selecting rough tailings and lowering their tastes is called a clean selection。
10. Quantification of minerals: products enriched in mineral or useful components are derived from the removal of ore or from the transfer of most of the ore's pulsations. Each selection operation and selection equipment has its own concentrate. The mineral extraction plant produces the final concentrate, and its chemical composition, particle size and moisture need to meet the requirements of smelters and other users。
11. Medium ore: the mineral or useful ingredient produced during the selection process is less than the concentrate, but is higher than the intermediate product of the tailings, and the medium ore is returned to its current operation or sent to another selection. For example, in the case of active minerals in medium-mines, associated with the presence of pulses or other associated useful minerals, they need to be sharpened and then selected, and sometimes chemically selected mines are used to treat particular difficult minerals。
12. Tailings: the selection of concentrates and middle mines during the selection process results in products with low mineral or useful content. The tailings include the final tailings produced by the mining plant and those released from a mining operation or equipment. Where there are minerals or useful ingredients that can no longer be economically recovered, they are referred to as final tailings deposits. As mining technologies develop, tailings are likely to be reused。
13. Level: percentage of the mass of useful ingredients in mineral raw materials and minerals selected; for precious metals such as gold and silver, expressed in grams/ton. The high and low levels of primary, concentrate and tailings indicate, respectively, the extent to which rich and poor, concentrate and tailings are impoverished。
14. Recovery rate: a percentage of the weight recovered in the concentrate from the original or from the useful element contained in the mine, which is used to evaluate the extent of recovery of the useful ingredient. The actual recovery rate for concentrates is expressed as follows: the recovery rate includes the recovery rate for mining operations and the final recovery rate for mining. The calculated theoretical and actual recovery rates are often inconsistent owing to sampling, metrology, analysis and loss of mercuric machinery。
15. Mining ratio: the ratio of the weight of the original ore to that of the concentrate during the selection process, that is, the number of tons of the original ore required to produce a ton of concentrate。
16. Concentration ratio: the ratio of the mineral grade to the original mineral grade, i. E. The number of times the mineral grade is higher than the original mineral grade, is used to indicate the concentration of useful components during the selection process。
17. Production rate: the weight of the concentrate or selection product as a percentage of the original or the weight given to the mine, and the mineral extraction rate as a percentage of the bottom。
18. Selective efficiency: mineral efficiency is a composite indicator of the effectiveness of the selection process. When no selection is made, the value is zero; when the optimal selection is achieved, the value is 100%. Thus, the difference between the rate of recovery of useful components in the concentrate and the rate of recovery of pulses is used as a measure of the performance of the selection, i. E. The efficiency of the selection。
19. Particle size: indicates the size of the mineral particles during the selection process. The particles of the sphere and the cube material are expressed in diameter and edge length, respectively. For irregular material particles, an equivalent diameter can be derived from a spherical diameter of the same conduct. Typically, mineral granulation is measured by sifting, hydrolysis and microscopy。
20. Single decomposition: to remove a useful mineral particle from a pulse or other useful mineral so that it can be recovered as concentrate by physical selection. Fragmentation and grinding are operations leading to a single disassembly of mineral particles, but cannot normally reach a full desolation during the selection process. The percentage of useful minerals released by monomerization as a percentage of the total quantity of useful minerals is referred to as monomer decomposition, which is used to indicate the extent of monomer decomposition。
21. Mixtures: mixtures are the form in which solid materials, such as ores, ores and minerals, are added to water and other assistive materials in industrial production in order to extract target elements into liquid mixtures. Mulp concentrations have a significant impact on re-selection and floating. Plutonium concentrations are determined mainly by weight, pressure differential and radioisotope measurements。
22. Power index: an indicator of the degree of fragmentation and ease of grinding of ore, which is a unit of power consumed to break a particle size to 80-100 millimetre particles without qualification。
23. Flowchart: an illustration of the mining process in order of operation. Alternative mining operations can be expressed in graphics, symbols or text, sometimes with the selection of indicators and the equivalent of the amount and concentration of the mine at the respective operations. There are different processes for the selection of ore; even for the same type of ore, the processes vary depending on the origin. Appropriate selection processes need to be determined on the basis of mining tests。
24. Mining: the process of separating the useful minerals in the original ore from the pulsar or harmful minerals by combining physical or chemical or physical and chemical methods. Mining can significantly improve the quality of ores, reduce transport costs, reduce smelting costs and achieve integrated utilization. With the exception of a few rich mines, almost all metals and non-metallic ores are subject to mining。
25. Fragmentation: the process of crushing, smashing and crushing blocks of ore to reduce the particle size of blocks. The size of the original ore can be up to 1,500 mm, and the final fragmentation product is usually more than 6 mm. Fragmentation is usually carried out in three segments, referred to as coarse, meso-cracking and fragmentation, using the respective shredders。
26. Crushing: the process of further reducing the particle size of shredded products by shock and grinding. The grinding is carried out mainly in mills by grinding media such as steel rods, steel balls, gravel or block mines. The particle size of the grinding product is generally less than 2-3 mm. Depending on the medium of grinding, grinding machines include self-hearers, semi-heavy grinders, stick grinders, ball grinders and gravel grinders。
Fragmentation ratio and grinding ratio: the ratio of fragmentation and grinding to the largest ore diameter in the mine and the largest ore diameter in the products of fragmentation and grinding, respectively. When multiple shreddings and grindings are used, the total shredding and grinding ratios are equal to the multipliers of the shredding and grinding ratios, respectively。
28. Sifting: the process by which ore particles with different particle sizes are sifted through one or more layers of surfaces into different groups by sifting size. When sifting, the particles through the sift are referred to as the sift product; the particles without sift are referred to as the sift product。
29. Mine washing: the process by which water or mechanical force is washed, clay-coated, glue-coated ore is washed, dispersed, disassembled and detached. Some highly weathered ore with higher moisture content often require mining before selection. In addition to improving selection indicators, mine washing avoids fragmentation and jamming of sifting equipment caused by mine mud。
Classification: the process by which ore particles are divided into two or more particle levels depending on the rate of deposition in the medium (usually water) of the different particle sizes and density (weight). The purpose of the classification is similar to that of the sifting, divided into different levels according to the equal decrease in the particles, and used mainly to treat fine particles ore of 0-2 mm. The gas is classified as wind force。
Re-selection: the selection process is based on differences in the density of ore particles, in weight and in the speed of movement in the medium (mainly water). The re-selection is primarily used to select ores that differ significantly from the (weight) density of the mineral ores of use. In arid water-deficit areas and materials that are not suitable for selection in water, air is the preferred medium。
32. Remedial selection: the selection process using a density (weight) of heavy suspension fluid between ores and pulsars or sills. Heavy suspension fluids are mainly made of silica, magnetite, etc. The remedial selection is primarily used for pre-selection in order to pre-empt some rough tailings prior to selection。
33. Gravity float: selecting the equipment at the same time as re-selection and floating. Gravity floats are usually re-selected rough ore with a high elasticity difference of more than two types and a similar density (by weight), typically of 0. 2-3 mm particle size. Gravity float equipment consists mainly of shaking beds and sluices。
34. Floating: selecting processes according to the physical and chemical properties of mineral particles. Most minerals can be separated by their own hydrophobicity, or by the hydrophobicity obtained through the treatment of a floating agent, which binds them to bubbles and floats to the surface of the mineral plasma. Useful minerals emerge, leaving unusable minerals in the mag and leaving them as tailings are called positive floats: otherwise, inverse floats. The floater has a mechanical mixer, a pneumatic mixer and a pneumatic type。
35. Floating agents: chemical agents used during mineral floats that can adjust the surface properties of minerals, increase or reduce mineral floatability, and make the mercuric nature and foam stability more conducive to mineral selection. Floating agents are the oldest applications in mineral selection, with the greatest variety and significant benefits. The properties of the agents depend to a large extent on their composition and structure. Absorption agents, blowing agents and most organic inhibitors in floats are made up of isopolar substances with polar cells in molecules (aqueous y or aluminum x) and nonpolar groups (hydrocarbon r), and various float molecules can be considered to be made of three basic groups
36. Ion float: a trapper is used to create a combination or sediment with a metal ion in the solution, attached to the process of floating and separating the bubble. The ion float is a more effective method of recovering useful metals from rare solutions or eliminating harmful components in wastewater。
37. Selective condensation-floating: selectively, a grouping of fine particles of a particular mineral into larger clusters with a condensant, decomposition, or inhibiting the sorting process of the condensed pellets against antifloating. High-grade ore formations can also be enriched directly by selective condensation and multiple decomposition, without the option of mining. Condensants are natural and synthetic, the former being starch, rubber, etc., and the latter polypropyleneamide, etc。
38. Floating process dynamics: disciplines that study the speed of the floating process and the influence of various factors on the rate of float. Floating dynamics allow research into the fundamental aspects of the selection, such as the power of mineral attachment to bubbles, the influence of various factors on mineral and bubble attachment, and the speed and selectivity of the selection。
39. Magnetic selection: magnetic differences in the utilization of mineral particles. Select in an uneven magnetic field. The magnetic selection is dry and wet. Magnetographs have strong magnetic field, medium magnetic field and weak magnetic field magnetographs and high gradient magnetographs。
40. Electrical selection: a dry selection process in high voltage fields depending on the mineral particle conductivity. Selectives can be divided between conductor, semiconductor and nonconductor minerals, mainly for the selection of alluvial ores and for the selection of certain rough ores. The electric selection machines can be divided into electrostatic miners, electroshocks and composite field electrocutors by electric field, and by the particle-borne method, into exposure, electroshocks and frictions, etc。
Pv spectrometer work is based mainly on a combination of optical and electronic technologies, the conversion of detected light signals into telecommunications through optical sensors, analytical processing through electronic processors, which control the separation of impurities, aliens, undesirables, etc. In materials by electromagnetic valves based on predefined parameters and algorithms. To improve the quality of products and reduce production costs for the purpose of selection。
42. Chemical selection: the process of separation and recovery of useful elements in the original or medium mine, using a combination of chemical or physical and chemical properties, to obtain chemical concentrate. Chemical choice is adaptive and effective, but costly。
43. Decomposition: the process of adding appropriate amounts of chlorinated substances (sodium or potassium chloride) and reducing agents (coal or coke powder) to ore, burning in a weak reduction atmosphere, which results in the volatilization of certain non-ferrous metal oxides and the conversion of certain non-ferrous metals to metal on the carbon particle surface. Dissolved metal particles can be recovered by selection. Currently, the diagnosing method is limited to copper oxide in production。
44. Mixing mercury: the use of mercury to generate mercury amalgamation with gold and silver for the recovery of larger particles of gold and silver in ores. Mercury amalgamation was the main method of recovery before the float and is still in use。
Cyanide: the process of dissolving and recovering gold and silver from ore particles by solution of rare cyanide. Cyanidation is used mainly to treat minerals that are less sulfide, such as copper, arsenic, gold and silver-particle ores and concentrates。
Special selection: other selection methods other than re-selection, float, magnetic and chemical selection, such as the total name of selection, friction and ejection。
Selection: the process of extracting a mineral from the original mine with the eye or machinery, depending on the physical nature of the mineral. The selection is primarily for pre-selection. The manual selection is only suitable for the thicker ore. Mechanical selection takes advantage of differences in the optical, radiological, magnetic and conductivity of minerals。
48. Motion and ejection: the selection process is based on different motion trajectories occurring along the slope depending on the impact recovery and friction coefficient of the mine. Mainly used for asbestos, etc。
49. Dehydration of products: the process of dehydration of mineral products. Includes gravity discharge concentrate, filtering and drying. Gravity discharges are suitable for the dehydration of crude grain products for the purpose of using the ore itself. Enrichment is the process of sedimentation of ore particles and discharge of spills, mainly in enrichment machines, which can also be used to accelerate mineral deposition. Filtration is used to dehydrate the mineral plasma through a porous filter medium, mainly in a filter. Drying is dehydrated by heating evaporation and is used only when the water requirements for the concentrate mine are strict, and the main equipment is a drum dryer。
50. Tailings processing: processing of tailings released from the mining plant. Both tailings and sewage from the mining process need to be addressed. The tailings are usually deposited in tailings depots, and wastewater needs to be clarified or treated with chemical agents and should be returned to use as much as possible. The tailings deposits are mostly blocked by dams with drainage structures。
51. Mineralogy of the mining process: a discipline that studies the physical, chemical, structural and mosaic properties of minerals and their behaviour in the process. Specific mineral properties require specific: process conditions. Specific process variables also lead to specific changes in mineral properties. A combination of mineral properties and mining processes can explain and predict the behaviour of a mineral in a particular process。
52. Mathematic simulation of the selection process: based on mathematical statistics and machine analysis of the selection process, mathematical models of the operation are established and simulations are performed using computers to determine, control and optimize the simulation object. Mathematic simulations of grinding and floating are developing faster, as are others。
Auto-control of the selection process: the process of testing specific parameters during the selection process, the crew, auto-regulating and centralization of the workshop and the plant as a whole, using online instrumentation, auto-regulating equipment and computers. The aim is to stabilize the production process, improve mining indicators, labour productivity and working conditions。
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