One.
Seismic science
(1) seismic scale classification:
Weaknesses: < 3 if the source of the earthquake is not so shallow, it is generally not easily detectable。
2. Perceptive earthquake: an earthquake greater than or equal to level 3, less than or equal to level 4. 5. Such earthquakes can be felt, but generally do not cause damage。
3. Medium-strength earthquake: an earthquake of greater than 4. 5 and less than 6 is capable of causing damage or damage, but the damage is also related to multiple factors, such as the depth of the source of the earthquake and its midpoint。
4. Strong earthquake: an earthquake of a magnitude greater than or equal to 6 is an earthquake capable of causing serious damage. Of these, seismic magnitudes greater than or equal to 8 are also called mega-earthquakes。
(2) seismic classification
Seismic classification - depending on the nature of the vibration, it can be divided into three categories。
Natural earthquakes — the phenomenon of earthquakes occurring in nature。
Artificial earthquakes - ground-based vibrations caused by factors such as blasts, nuclear tests, etc。
Pulse - frequent fluctuations in the earth's surface due to atmospheric activity, waves, etc。
(in a narrow sense, earthquakes are commonly referred to as natural earthquakes capable of creating disasters
(3) how to make a rough judgement of the proximity and strength of the earthquake:
1. People in the epicentre of the earthquake feel that they are starting to roll back, and as the distance from the epicentre increases, the time difference between the waves increases and the intensity of the waves diminishes。
2. Beyond a certain range, people are not feeling the opposite, but just shaking。
3. If you feel mildly, or if you do not feel inverted, you only feel shaken, which means that the earthquake is far away from you; if both the inversion and the shaking are not strong, it means that the earthquake is not very large。
(4) run or hide during the earthquake
Most experts now believe that the immediate escape from the earthquake and the rapid evacuation of the earthquake to a safe location are better ways to respond to the earthquake. This is because it is very difficult to escape indoors because of short warning times during earthquakes, often when people are unable to act on their own, and when doors and windows are deformed, etc.; it is even less likely to do so in high buildings. However, when early warnings are found in the flats and the outdoors are empty, efforts can be made to escape the earthquake。
Two.
Question-and-answer session
(1) can earthquakes forecast
Response: earthquake forecasting is a worldwide recognized scientific challenge and is at an exploratory stage at home and abroad, starting around the 1950s and 1960s. After more than 40 years of effort, a comprehensive study of the country's earthquake predictions, which began in 1966 with the hebei sunta earthquake, made some progress and, to varying degrees, predicted some devastating earthquakes. However, practice has shown that the various phenomena currently observed that may be earthquake-related present great uncertainty; forecasts, especially short-term forecasts, are mainly empirical. The current level and status of our earthquake prediction is:An earthquake premonitionThere is some knowledge of the phenomenon, but it is far from regularity; there is a degree of prediction of certain types of earthquakes under certain conditions; there is some understanding of medium- to long-term forecasts, but short-term forecasts have low success rates。
(2) what is a precursor to an earthquake
Response: the symptoms that may have arisen in nature prior to the earthquake are known as pre-earthquake symptoms associated with its conception and occurrence. In general, there are two types of: microforesights: sensory insensibility and instrumentation to measure pre-earthquake changes. For example, terrestrial deformations, changes in the earth's magnetic field, the gravity field, changes in the chemical composition of groundwater, activities of small earthquakes, etc. Macroforemen: perceptions of the senses. Most of them appear in the vicinity of an earthquake. Such as the rise and fall of wells, degenerativeness, abnormal animal behaviour, the sound of the earth, the light of the earth, etc。
(3) what's an earthquake rumor
Response: earthquake rumours — sometimes there are “messages” about earthquakes that are being heard in society, not public earthquake forecasts by the government, but rather earthquakes. The fear of an earthquake caused by a severe earthquake disaster, coupled with a lack of knowledge of the earthquake and a lack of knowledge of the relevant legislation, makes it easier to listen to baseless and so-called “earthquake news”, which is the soil where the earthquake rumours exist。
(4) characteristics of earthquake rumors
A: characteristics of earthquake rumours: an earthquake message from ngos. A prognosis by an expert or alien. The idea of a superstitious superstition or a myth. The “forecast” shock scale is large or accurate, and the projected shock time and location are specific。
(5) the specific reasons for the rumours of earthquakes are:
Response: some natural phenomena, such as sands, water-strangulations, caused by the secondary flowering of climatological reheating fruit trees and the recovery of the land from thawing in the spring, are mistakenly regarded as pre-earthquake signs。
(vi) how do you recognize the earthquake rumors
A: the following can be judged as earthquake rumours:
The so-called seismic forecasts, which exceed the actual level of current forecasts, are very “accurate”. When and where the earthquake occurred in the rumours were very specific, it even occurred at “morning”, “night”。
2. Transnational earthquake forecasting. If the legend is that an earthquake is forecasted by foreigners, it must be rumours, because it is not consistent with our national requirements for the issuance of an earthquake forecast or with international agreements。
3. The rumours that the consequences of the earthquake have been exaggerated. Such sensational news is also not credible, especially when there are frequent rumours that “a place will fall” “a place will be flooded” after the earthquake. We should not believe, spread and report the earthquake rumors in time。
Iii.
Seismic protection from earthquakes
(1) how do you avoid earthquakes in a flat
The head is protected to the extent possible and, if possible, out of the house to the open area. If it is too late, it will be temporarily avoided under solid furniture and the reservist will be moved quickly to an outdoor security facility。
(ii) how can a house be avoided
1 safer earthquake shelter:
Strong under or by the bed; low, strong edges of furniture; small, supported rooms, such as bathrooms, kitchens, storage rooms, etc。
Beware of the shock:
Quickly shut down the power, fire, never stay on the bed, never jump off the building, not on the balcony, not on the outside wall or by the bed。
Seismic avoidance and evacuation of the 3rd tower:
In general, a small area with many pillars is chosen as a temporary shelter. Safe passage should be used to evacuate from the buildings and not to use the elevator; if in the elevator at the time of the earthquake, leave as soon as possible; if not, get down and hold hands。
(3) how to avoid earthquakes at school
1 while attending school:
Under the command of the teacher, the head should be held quickly and under their respective desks. Or an organized and rapid evacuation of classrooms to safety。
2 on the playground or outside:
Stay down and keep your hands on the head. Be careful to avoid large buildings or dangerous materials. It is important that schools organize more exercises in order to be able to evacuate quickly and be prepared。
(4) how to avoid earthquakes at the workshop
Workers working in the 1st workshop are allowed to hide under the bed, machine beds and solid equipment and cannot run in panic。
Workers in special jobs are first required to close the explosive, flammable, toxic gas valves, to reduce the temperature and pressure of high temperatures, high pressure tubes and to shut down the operating equipment。
Most of the personnel can be evacuated from the work site and, subject to security, a small number remain on site to monitor risk situations, deal with incidents in a timely manner and prevent secondary disasters。
(5) how to avoid earthquakes in mines
Underground miners should be familiar with the safe passage and quickly and in an orderly manner evacuate the palm face, but not congested, as the hands or well exits are sometimes heavily guarded, exposed to the open surface, and the vibrations may collapse, causing casualties。
If the wellhead collapses and is temporarily unable to return to the ground, it is also necessary to remain calm, under exclusive command, and to spare as much strength as possible, pending the arrival of rescue personnel。
(6) how do you avoid shocks in public places
1 follow the command of the police or field staff, do not panic, do not crowd the exit; avoid overcrowding, avoid crowding, and avoid stepping or crowding into walls and fences。
2 at shops, bookstores, exhibitions, etc.:
Select strong counters, commodities (e. G., low furniture) or poles, inner corner, etc., to sit down and guard the head with hands or other things; avoid glass doors and windows, window windows or glass counters; avoid high and unstable or heavy, fragile shelves; avoid hangings such as billboards, chanders, etc。
In cinemas, gymnasiums, etc.:
Stay down or lie down in a platoon chair; be careful to avoid chandeliers, fans, etc.; guard the head with your hands or other things; follow the staff command and make an organized evacuation after the earthquake。
4 in the vehicle:
Hold on to the arm so as not to fall or touch; lower the centre of gravity and hide near the seat; get out of the car after the earthquake has passed; and the driver stops quickly to safety and pulls the brakes safely。
Four.
In an earthquakeHelp each other
(1) self-help measures:
One earthquake, when buried under rubble, builds life confidence, calms down, and as much as possible improves its environment, stabilizes and escapes: it seeks to avoid solid landslides, hangers or other hazards above its body. To expand the area of activity by removing miscellaneous items such as moving bricks. (note: make no effort to prevent the further collapse of the surroundings when you are unable to move
Supported by bricks, wooden sticks, etc., was sought in order to prevent the aftershock from being again crushed。
Do not simply use indoor facilities, including power, water, etc., nor use open fire. When gas and toxic odor or dust are too high, efforts are made to cover mouths and noses with wet clothing。
4 do not shout for help blindly, maintain physical strength, and may call for help by such means as banging。
(2) mutual rescue measures:
One more and one less. First rescue workers are concentrated in places where they focus on children and students. It's hard first. First save the easy ones, then save the hard ones。
2 near and far. First save the people who were buried in the vicinity, then save the far。
Three minor injuries followed by serious injuries. First, the minor injured, then the seriously injured。
Four save the survivors, then dig the victims. To the extent possible, young adults and medical workers should be rescued and relief teams strengthened。
(3) rescue methods:
1 to communicate with the outside world in closed spaces as soon as possible in order to inject fresh air. When the dust is too large, it can be sprayed so as not to suffocate the rescued and the saved. The wounded are exposed to the head, removed from their mouths and noses, kept breathing open and, if suffocated, should immediately undergo artificial breathing。
Support should be protected from further collapse by excavating persons under pressure. Timely provision of water, food or medicines, etc., to those who are buried in order to enhance their life and ensure the safety of survivors. When the person under pressure is unable to climb out of his or her own way, do not pull up in order to prevent further injury; in the case of a vertebrate injury, the doorboard or a hard stretcher is applied。
3 for persons who have been buried for longer periods, care is taken to avoid the eye irritation of those trapped. When survivors are found who cannot be rescued at once, they should be marked and waiting for a professional team to rescue them。
For those who have been buried to a lesser degree, their heads and chests may be shown first, so that they can breathe, and they can immediately rescue those who have been buried. Persons seriously injured must be assisted by professional teams and medical personnel。
