The federal republic of germany。
[area] 358,000 square kilometres。
About 83. 5 million people。
Berlin。
(signed) frank-walter steinmeier, president of the federation。
New year [key festival]: 1 january; easter: first sunday after the full moon of the spring; international labour day: 1 may; german unity day (national day): 3 october; christmas: 25 december。
Euro。
German。
Mostly german. The four ethnic minorities of danish, sorbian, frisian, sinti and roma are officially recognized。
23. 7 per cent of [religious] nationals are catholic and 21. 5 per cent protestant。
It's in central europe. It borders poland, the czech republic, austria, switzerland, the netherlands, belgium, luxembourg, france and denmark to the north, as well as the north sea and the baltic sea. The land border is 3,876 kilometres long and the coastline 2389 kilometres long. In the northern temperate zone, located between 47 and 55 degrees north latitude, the oceanic climate is more pronounced in the north-west and gradually transitions to continental climates in the east and south. Average temperature, january-5-1°c, july 14-19°c。
In 962 a. D., the roman empire of the german nation was founded. The unified german empire was established in 1871. The first world war began in 1914. The weimar republic was established in 1919. The second world war was launched in 1939. After the war, they were occupied by the united states, the united kingdom, france and the soviet union. The federal republic of germany was established by the basic law of the west of 23 may 1949. On 7 october of the same year, the german democratic republic was established in the east. On 3 october 1990, germany was reunited。
The government is accountable to the prime minister under parliamentary democracy。
The basic law [of the constitution] came into force on 23 may 1949 and defined five basic systems in germany: republican, democratic, federal, rule of law and social welfare. This applies to all germany as of 3 october 1990。
[parliament] is bicameral and consists of the bundestag and the federal senate. The bundestag exercises legislative power, supervises the implementation of laws, elects the federal chancellor, participates in the election of the federal president and oversees the work of the federal government. Each term of four years. On 23 february 2025, germany held the twenty-first bundestag election. On 25 march, the twenty-first bundestag held its first plenary session, and julia klöckner, ldk, was elected president of the new bundestag and took office. There are currently 630 seats in the bundestag, with 208 seats allocated to the union party (gnu/gss), 150 seats chosen for the party, 120 seats for the sdp, 85 seats for the alliance 90/green party, 64 seats for the left party, and 3 seats for members of the parliament。
The federal senate participates in federal legislation and influences the administration of the federation in defence of the interests of the cantons. In proportion to the population of each state, three to six members of the state government are appointed by the state governments, for a total of 69 seats. The speaker rotates among state governors for a period of one year, and the president assumes the office of president in an era when he is unable to exercise his functions. On 1 november 2025, andreas bovenschulte, mayor of bremen, served as president of the senate until 31 october 2026。
On 6 may 2025, the unionist party and the social democratic party formed the federal government with friedrich merz as prime minister. Other key members of the government are: lars klingbeil, deputy prime minister and minister of finance; alexander dobrint, minister of the interior; johann wadephul, minister for foreign affairs; boris pistorius, minister of defence; katherina reich, minister of economy and energy; dotshar, minister for research, technology and space; rothorhee bär, minister of justice and consumer protection, stefanie hubig, minister of education, family, senior citizens, women and youth (karin prien, ldk), minister of labour and social affairs, bärbel bas, minister of digitization and modernization of the state, karsten wildberger, minister of agriculture, food and land, patrick schnieder, minister of transport, ldk, kasten schneider, minister of environment, climate protection, nature protection and nuclear safety (carsten prien, ldk), minister of labour and social affairs, bärbel bas, sdp, karsten wildberger, gnu, minister of agriculture, food and land (alois rainer, knu), minister of economic cooperation and development, rim-labadaun, minister of the environment, climate protection, and nuclear safety (carten schneider, ldk), minister of labour, sdp, nina warken, ldk, ldk, prime minister, témberts al-radwina, quires, prime minister, quires。
The administrative regions of germany are divided into the federal, cantonal and municipal levels, with 16 cantons and 10,749 municipalities. The names of the cantons are: baden-württemberg, bavaria, berlin, brandenburg, bremen, hamburg, hessen, mecklenburg-former pomori, lower saxony, north rhine-westphalia, rhineland-pffalz, sal, saxony, saxony-anhalt, schleswig-holstein and turingen. Of these, berlin, bremen and hamburg are the municipalities。
The federal constitutional court [of the judiciary] is one of the constitutional bodies of germany and is primarily responsible for interpreting the basic law, overseeing its implementation and ruling on its unconstitutionality. There are 16 judges elected by the bundestag and 8 by the federal senate, appointed by the president for a general period of 12 years. The bundestag and the federal senate alternately elect the president. The current president, stephan harbarth, took office in june 2020。
There are also the federal supreme court (which is responsible for civil and criminal matters), the federal administrative court, the federal fiscal court, the federal labour court, the federal social court, etc。
The federal and state courts have a public prosecutor's office, but they are not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts and do not interfere with the courts ' proceedings, whose main task is to investigate and prosecute criminal cases. The public prosecutor's office is under the authority of the ministry of justice of the federal or state governments and is relatively independent in the exercise of its functions. The federal attorney-general's office is composed of the federal attorney-general and several federal prosecutors, who took office in march 2024。
Germany has a multiparty system, consisting mainly of the following:
(1) christian democratic union of germany (christlich-demokratische union deutschlands): short of “gnu”. Founded in 1945. Party president friedrich merz。
(2) christian social union (christlich-soziale union in bayern e. V.): abbreviated “gesellschaft union”. Founded in 1945. According to an agreement with the union, it organized and operated only in bavaria, forming a coalition parliamentary bloc with the union. Markus söder, president of the party。
(3) german social democratic party (sozialdemokratische parti deutschlands): “social democratic party”. Founded in 1863, it was one of the world's first working parties. In 1878, it was declared illegal by the government of bismarck and re-established legal status in 1890. In 1933, sdp was banned by the nazi regime and re-established after the war. In september 1990, the democratic party of east and west germany merged. Party president bärbel bas and lars klingbeil。
(4) alliance 90/green party (bündnis 90/die grünen): “green party”. The green party in western germany was established in january 1980. Joined with the eastern union 90/green party in may 1993. Party president franziska brantner and felix banaszak。
(5) free democratic party (freie demokratische partei): abbreviatedly the “self-governing party”. Founded in 1948. Party president wolfgang kubicki。
(6) german selective für deutschland: abbreviatedly “selection party”. Established in 2013. Party president tino chrupalla and alice weidel。
(7) die lInke: demokratische lInke-pds and the wahlalternative arbeit und soziale gerechtigkeit were merged. Ines schwerdtner and luigi pantisano, party presidents。
(8) german communist party (deutsche kommunistische partei): founded in 1968 and formerly banned in 1956. Patrick köbele, president of the party。
Freedrich merz。
Https://www. Undesregierung. De
Germany is a highly developed industrial country with the third largest global exporter. The economy is the highest in europe and the third in the world. In 2025, germany's gross domestic product (GDP) was euro4. 47 trillion, an increase of 0. 2 per cent over the same period, and per capita GDP was euro5. 35 million. In the first quarter of 2026, germany's gross domestic product (GDP) amounted to 1. 14 trillion euros, an increase of 0. 5 per cent over the same period (0. 4 per cent after the season)。
[resources] are rich in coal, oil and gas are highly dependent on imports, and wind and solar power capacity is among the highest in the world。
[industry] industrial structure and characteristics: (1) focus on heavy industry. Automobile and mechanical manufacturing, chemical and electrical industries are the backbone industries, while other manufacturing industries such as food, textiles and clothing, iron and steel processing, mining, precision instruments, optical and aerospace industries are well developed. (2) height outward. About half of industrial products are exported. (3) smes are the backbone of the middle. About two thirds of industrial enterprises have fewer than 100 employees, are highly specialized, highly skilled and have numerous “hidden champions”. (4) high degree of monopoly. In recent years, thousands of people in higher industrial enterprises have accounted for only about 2 per cent of the total, with turnover exceeding 40 per cent. (5) rapid start-up enterprise development. In 2025, 356 start-ups were established in germany, a 29 per cent increase over the previous year and a record high。
[agriculture] is well developed and mechanized. Agricultural production in 2025 was 76. 8 billion euros. The employed population is approximately 877,000. There are approximately 255,000 agricultural enterprises, mainly small and medium-sized enterprises and family enterprises。
[services] include the business, transport, telecommunications, banking, insurance, rental, tourism, education, culture, health, etc. In 2025, 34. 9 million people were employed in services。
[tourism] is well developed, with well-known sites such as the berlin national assembly building, the cologne cathedral, the bonn museum of culture and art, rottenburg, the munich museum, the old castle of heidelberg, the new swan stone palace and the dresden gallery. The number of overnight trips in 2025 was 498 million. Of these, 414 million were domestic and 83. 8 million were foreign。
[transport] transport is well developed, and land, water and air transport are fully developed. In 2024, german rail cargo totalled 362 million tons. In 2025, there were 3,338 million tons of road cargo, 172 million tons of inland waterways and 280 million tons of seaports; in 2025, the total number of rail, road and urban rail traffic was 11. 5 billion, of which 11. 3 billion were largely unchanged from the previous year, while the total number of long-distance passengers was 157 million, an increase of 3 per cent over the same period; and in 2025, there were 207 million air passenger traffic, an increase of 3. 9 per cent。
In 2025, germany's total public finance revenue amounted to 2. 08 trillion euros, an increase of 5. 2 per cent over the same period, a total expenditure of 2. 21 trillion euros, an increase of 6 per cent over the same period and a total fiscal deficit of 1273 billion euros. As of the fourth quarter of 2025, the german federal bank's gold reserves were approximately 3350 tons, the second highest globally; as of may 2026, foreign exchange reserves were about 33 billion euros. As of june 2026, the special drawing rights share at the international monetary fund was 26,633 million。
[external trade] germany is the largest country in world trade and maintains trade relations with more than 230 countries and territories in the world, and nearly one third of jobs are export-related. He was the world's largest exporter in 1986-1990 and 2003-2008. In 2025, germany's total foreign trade amounted to €294 trillion, of which €1. 57 trillion was exported, an increase of 1 per cent over the same period and €1. 3 trillion in imports, an increase of 4. 4 per cent over the same period, with a surplus of €20. 28 billion. The main export products are automobiles and spare parts (16. 3 per cent), mechanical products (13. 8 per cent) and computer, electronic and optical products (8. 7 per cent). In 2025, the top five german partners in foreign trade were china, the united states, the netherlands, france and poland, with a ratio of more than 50 per cent with eu countries。
[living standards] germany's gross national income in 2025 was 4. 62 trillion euros, with a median monthly disposable income of 3,200 euros。
The german federal defence force was established in november 1955. The army is headed by the minister of defence in peacetime and the federal prime minister is the supreme commander in wartime. The inspector-general of the federal defence force is the highest commander of the army and is currently inspector-general carsten breuer。
Germany's defence budget in 2026 was euro10. 8 billion, a record high after the end of the cold war. Of this amount, the regular budget is euro82. 69 billion, and the german bundestag has approved an additional euro25. 51 billion in special funds for defence. As of march 2026, the total strength of the ddf was approximately 267,000, of which some 67,000 were in the army, about 18,000 in the navy, about 33,000 in the air force and the rest were functional units such as the central guard, the joint support unit and the network and information space force。
In germany, voluntary military service was introduced, while the act on the modernization of the military service came into force in 2026, requiring men over 18 years of age to fill out a military service questionnaire and to be recruited on an as-needed basis with the legislative consent of the bundestag in the event of a shortage of volunteers or a security crisis. In 2016, germany announced the formation of a network and information space force, currently numbering 16,000, which is the sixth german army after land, sea, air, medical, logistics。
[education] german education and cultural arts are primarily the responsibility of the länder, while the federal government is primarily responsible for educational planning and vocational education and coordinates education throughout the country through joint meetings of the länder ministers of education and education. In primary and secondary education, higher education and adult education and further education, the main legislative and administrative powers are vested in the cantons. National cultural and artistic activities are funded by the federal government. Foreign cultural exchanges are coordinated by the ministry of foreign affairs。
Higher, secondary, primary and vocational education is well developed. Education is compulsory for 12 years, tuition fees in public schools are entirely free and school supplies such as textbooks are partially exempted. The primary school system lasts from 4 to 6 years, the secondary school system from 5 to 9 years, and the higher education institutions enjoy some autonomy. In principle, high school graduates are given free admission and quotas are set for some subjects. Vocational education is based on a two-tier system combining theoretical study in schools and business practice. Adult and amateur education is widely available. Teachers are permanent civil servants and must have higher education. In the school year 2025/2026, there were approximately 40,000 primary and secondary schools of all types in germany (of which about 33,000 were general primary and secondary schools), with 11. 5 million primary and secondary school students; 422 higher education schools and 2. 88 million university students。
The press and publishing industry is well developed and the press is diverse. In the first quarter of 2026, the total number of daily newspapers in germany was approximately 12. 3 million, a decrease of 4. 9 per cent. The total number of electronic newspapers issued was 4. 95 million, an increase of 10. 5 per cent. The most widely distributed daily newspaper is photo, about 920,000 copies. Other national newspapers were distributed as follows: nande will, 245,000 copies; frankfurt report, 168,000 copies; business, 113,000 copies; and le monde, 88,000 copies. There are nearly 10,000 magazines of various kinds, and the most important current-political weekly, the mirror, has about 629,000 copies。
