Autumn, originally produced in africa and subsequently introduced into our country by india, is grown mainly in the south of the country, because of the unique taste of its fruit, its abundant nutrition and its acclaimed health-care effectiveness, which are popular with consumers and growing areas。
Autumn
Biological characteristics
Autumn is one of the species of aluminum, which consists of a year-old herbivorous plants such as flowers, medicines, vegetables, etc. It also includes renal herbs, renal nuts, tomatoes, coffee beans, croissants (gangdong), vietnamese sesame (hunan), peppers (fujan), etc。
Roots: for the straight root system, the principals are generally well developed, with a general plant height of 100 to 150 cm。
Tube: it is easier to form wood and have fewer side branches。
Fragments: fragments of palm-shaped leaves of 4-5, leaves of each other, blades of the edges of the blades of the leaf in a sawn form, leaves of the middle handle, small length。
Flowers: born in an armpit, single-born, usually with visible flowers of four or more real leaves, with the same female and male, made up of two parts of light yellow and dark red, with flowers in the base, which fall early。
Fruit: long berries, horned sheep, about 10-20 cm long, hairy surfaces, polygonal cross-sections, green young fruit, yellow and brown, and natural cracks when the fruit matures。
Seeds: black and grey, spherical, hairless, with about 50 seed species per fruit。
Birth cycle
Spectrum: it takes about 10 to 15 days to sow two leaves to level them. At 25-30°c, seeding can take 4-5 days. It usually takes about seven days for the seedlings to come out of the soil in the open air, with membranes covering two to four days in advance。
The nursery age: from 2 leaves to the opening of the first flower, it takes about 40 to 45 days. The first leaf spreads over 15-25 days after the general leaf is fully spread. Then every 2-4 days, a single leaf occurs, the first of which is round. The seedlings grow slowly and even more so when the temperature is too low。
Long-term: 85 to 120 days between the beginning and the end of the harvest. It takes 50 to 55 days after seeding, and the first flower is open. The first two flowers take a little longer to harvest. Thereafter, the harvest time will be reduced as the temperature rises and the first harvest will normally take place about 70 days after seeding。
Environmental needs
Temperature: warmth, fear of cold, strong heat resistance. Under 8°c growth is halted, with a temperature of around 15°c, seeds can germinate; seeds germinate and gestation are 25-30°c; average monthly temperature is below 17°c, i. E., effects on flowering results; at night temperatures below 14°c, growth is slow, with short, narrow leaves, few flowers and many flowers; and at 26-28°c, with high temperature, high yield, high yield and good quality。
Water: drought-resistant, wet-resistant but not flood-resistant. During the gestation period, care is taken to control the water and the soil is wet enough to lead to incubation. The soil is wet during the outcome period. In the event of water shortages, the plant will grow worse and the quality of the fruit will deteriorate。
Light: it is particularly sensitive to light conditions and requires long and sufficient light. It is important to select, to the extent possible, areas with long periods of light, to improve ventilation and to keep the planting space under control so as not to hide from each other。
Soils: low soil requirements and saline land can be cultivated, but with deep, thin, fertile, well-watered or sandy soil. Fertilizers are predominantly nitrogen-based before flowering, with higher phosphate fertilizer required during flowering。
Autumn cultivation technology
Varieties selection
Autumn is usually divided into yellow and red sunflowers, which, in terms of taste, are more intense, superior and of high use value, while red sunflowers are relatively bad. As a result, a number of species are grown with yellow autumn, mainly at point five, point five, tokyo, taiwan, etc。
Based on the fact that plants can be divided into short, medium and high-intensity species, cultivation in the south is best based on short, about 1 m tall, with many side branches, with flowers open to the main and side branches, early masons, green nuts, sharper masons, 20 cm in length, elasticity, and a five-sided cleavage。
The selection and the ground
Autumn glitters are hot, deep-seated, strong absorbent and well-developed, thus requiring the choice of the land to be ventilated to the sun and well drained, while the surface is thick and the groundwater table is low. Autumn should not be heavy, the front must not be cotton or fruit and vegetables, and the front must be a vegetable garden。
Land ready to plant the autumn, which, after the pre-harvesting, requires more than 30 cm to be cultivated in time for the fall and winter season. A combination of pre-plant application of 1,500 kg of manure or 600 kg of bio-organizing weight to mature farmers, a balanced compound of 30 kg of manure, which is then rolled into the soil, so that the soil is fully mixed and the back dredge is ready for broadcast, both to increase fertility and to improve the soil。
This should be done in a manner that facilitates crop management. The oscillation requires a surface width of 1. 2 metres, a ditch width of 30 cm and depth of 25 cm。
Planting seedlings
After the frost has been cleared, sowing can be carried out to ensure that the flowering season is warm. In the yangtze region, seeding was generally best at the end of april and early may, while seedlings could be used in early april。
Pre-plant seeds require seeding, 28°c warm water impregnated, time contained within 24 hours, and when 80% of the seeds are white, they can be sowed, with two seeds per den at a distance of 15 cm。
Owing to the severity of underground pests in recent years, 45 per cent of the poison cream of 400 g could be mixed into the planting den with some 15 kg。
Shrimp management
When three or four leafs grow, an inter-sapling, re-planting, removing the ill and weak, leaving a strong seedling in each of the caves, and using it to fill the gaps。
Autumn sprouts require higher air and soil moisture. In the event of a dry water shortage five or six days after seeding, the water is wetted, and in the event of a dry water shortage after seeding, it is used to spray or run horse water by hand at 9 a. M., 10 a. M. Or after the fall of the afternoon, to avoid heavy temperatures and watering the roots。
Fertilizer water management
(c) fertilizers: after the replanting of the seedlings, a seedling fattening was applied with the aim of promoting the rapid growth of the acacia, mainly with high nitrogen fertilizer, with an acre with 5 kg urea, or 300 times the biostimulant (root application)。
Fertilizers: this period involves both the pursuit of appropriate quantities of fertilizers to meet the demand for acupuncture and results, and the prevention of excessive fatting leading to the planting of long strains, causing large numbers of flowers to fall, mainly balanced fertilizers or high phosphorous potassium fertilizers, which can be shown as an elf biostimulant (see table 2). 300 times liquid + 7 kg per acre of potassium phosphorus to increase nutrient levels and coordinate nutrition and reproductive growth。
Fertilizers: in the early stages of the entry results, follow-up began, with a balanced compound weight of 40kg + 7. 5 kg per acre of potassium, with some boron fertilizers being filled in the south. Every half month or so, depending on the strength of the plant and its harvest, the plant is followed up to prevent its premature failure, but not to be applied in an abusive manner, so as to avoid nutritional growth and reproductive growth disorders。
In addition, emphasis is placed on external fatting during the flowering period and the sprout phase, with 800 times more liquid from the potassium-phosphate bank or 800 times more liquid from the sea elf biostimulant (leaf-face-type) to improve the flowering fruit, ensure production and improve quality。
Autumn is a wet-resistant plant with large and water-intensive plants that protect against drought and floods while maintaining water and moisture in high-yield efficient cultivation。
Shrimp period: water is poured once after seedlings are replanted, followed by timely refilling, as appropriate, usually once for about 10 days or once in a ditch。
The flowering season: frequent soil humidity, timely recharge of moisture, and rapid expansion of the acreage。
(c) fruit harvest period: the amount of water required is high and, if drought is detected, it must be filled with water in a timely manner or by a ditch to keep the water supplied。
However, when there is too much rain, it should be drained in time to avoid flooding. And the sunflower shall be protected from flooding and drought throughout its reproductive life, and shall remain strong and shall not suffer from premature decay。
Soil management
During the live production of the acetone, grass and ground should be removed in a timely manner to prevent soil slabing and planting。
One or two medium-scale cultivation of soil after seedlings have been established to increase the temperature and promote growth。
Mid-cropping should be strengthened during the start-up period to promote root system development。
In the early stages of the process, the plant grew more rapidly, in combination with the pursuit of fattening, the timely cultivation of fields, gardens, ditches, etc., in order to extend and grow robustly。
Autumn accelerants grow more weeds in the field during the whole reproductive period, with the exception of chinese-cultivated grass, the rest of the time being used for manual and irregular uprooting。
Plant adjustment
Autumn is growing in abundant water, with large branches on the main side, large leaves and delayed flowering. They can be ploughed, nutrient-controlled, flourished, side branches overstretched, sprouted at 60 cm or so, and extra unhealthy side buds removed to avoid nutrient depletion and to improve ventilation in the field。
For normal growth and small and weak plants, it is only necessary to cut some of the weak branches and leave strong ones to increase the results。
Upon entering the fertilization period, the plants produce faster leaves, which should be removed in a timely manner, reduce nutrient consumption, provide ventilation and prevent the spread of pests。
When harvests take place, the proper curing of the fruit can boost the side branches and increase production。
In windy earth block cultivation, around 1 m of bamboo poles are applied to the plant side and the plant is tied to prevent inversion and reduce loss。
Pest control
Autumn disease and pests are relatively small, with a focus on prevention and integrated management, generally using agricultural, biological, physical and ecological methods to minimize the occurrence of pests and diseases。
Major pests and diseases include epidemics, viral diseases and slashed night moths。
Collection in due time
The production of acupunctures is dominated by pine nuts, which generally take about two months from seeding to the beginning of the fruit, and three to four months。
The pick-up criteria are green, the seed within the seed is not aging, and it is about 10 cm long. Some six days after the general gravitation, the premature, insufficient expansion of the shears, the effects on production, the lateness, the increase in fibres, the ageing of the meat, the deterioration of quality and even the loss of food value. Autumn is readily available on the market, so that the aces are fresh and fresh and obtain the best commodity quality。
Scissors are used to cut off the handle by the side branch at the time of harvest, ensuring that the handle is 2-3 cm and that care is taken not to harm the branch. It is advisable to put gloves on the harvest so as not to stab the skin with the hair on the truncheons, leaves and fruits。
In the case of harvest seeds, they can be harvested after the yellowing and drying of the acupuncture, with cracks at the tip, and tanned in a timely manner, before the seeds are removed and stored in a freezer。
This document has been prepared by the team of agricultural assistants, which must be reproduced with an indication of the original agricultural assistant (id:nyzs360) and do not modify the content of the article, which is mandatory
References
Autumn lives technical points for cultivation
Autumn's basic characteristics and market development values
Zhang shichun
The future of the study of autumn and its applications
