In-depth analysis of the technical elements of the whole process of grape cultivation management and the ethics problem
Yi yoon
Grapes, as one of the world's most important fruit-tree crops, have high economic value and extensive cultivation adaptability. With the development of modern agricultural technologies, grape cultivation has gradually shifted from traditional empirical management to scientific and fine-tuning. Sound soil improvement, scientific water fertilizer management, effective pest and disease prevention and proper trimming can not only improve grape production and fruit quality, but also increase the lifetime of orchards and economic benefits. At the same time, the application of smart technologies and precision agriculture provides new ways of optimizing data support and management of grape production。
1. Cultivation patterns and species selection
1. 1 common grape cultivation patterns
Common patterns of grape cultivation include three main types: field cultivation, large-shed cultivation and greenhouse cultivation. Soil cultivation is the most traditional form of cultivation with high adaptability and low management costs, but is highly influenced by natural climates and vulnerable to frost, drought or pests, and the maturity of the fruits is limited by seasons. Through the installation of cover facilities, large-scale planting can effectively regulate temperature and humidity, prolong the growing season, improve the yield and quality of fruit, and also facilitate the management of hydro-fertilizers and pest control, suitable for early ripening or counter-season production. Greenhouse cultivation is carried out in a more closed and manageable environment, with year-to-year or multi-season continuous production through precision control of temperature, light, humidity and ventilation, with high fruit quality but high construction and management costs. In addition, models such as stereoculture, roofing and so forth are gradually being applied in modern grape cultivation by conserving land and optimizing space layouts, increasing unit area production and management efficiency。
1. 2 varieties selection and cultivation adaptation
There are significant differences between different varieties in terms of cold tolerance, heat resistance, disease resistance, maturity of fruit and yield characteristics, such as that of late-literate varieties suitable for warm areas and that of early-literate varieties suitable for anti-season or high latitudes; that of drought-resistant varieties suitable for areas with scarce water resources, and that of more humid varieties suitable for rain-fed environments. In the context of plant adaptation, varieties suitable for local light, temperature and moisture conditions should be selected taking into account the growth of the branches, the behaviour of the results and the quality requirements of the fruits. At the same time, market demand is an important factor in the choice of varieties, with different consumer groups favouring grapes in terms of taste, colour, particle size and sustainability, so that the selection of varieties needs to be balanced between economic benefits and the viability of planting, with science combining early, medium and late-cut varieties to achieve the goal of continuous production and steady high productivity。
2 feeding and planting techniques
2. 1 tree selection and treatment
In the selection phase, the choice should be made for quality trees that are grown through regular nurseries, free of viral diseases, pests and pure varieties, usually of one to two years ' age, with healthy, well-developed, well-spreaded branches, full buds and no mechanical damage. For field planting, trees should be cold, drought-resistant and adapted to local soil and climatic conditions; greenhouses or sheds can choose high-quality varieties that are pre-maturity or high-yielding to meet demands for counter-seasonal or continuous production. Second, trees need to be properly treated before they are planted, including to trim their roots, impregnate their roots, remove their ill and weak buds and treat them with root powder or irritants, in order to facilitate their rapid development and robust growth. In the case of earthballs or naked seedlings, the root line shall be protected from damage and wet during transport and temporary storage to avoid drying up. After entering the park, seedlings can be domesticated or reinforced, such as short-term shades, light watering and liquid fertilization, to help them adapt to the new environment and to enhance resilience and growth。
2. 2 planting and timing
The method of planting is divided into bare seedlings, earthball seedlings and container seedlings, which are suitable for conditions in which the soil is not wet or dry in the spring, and which require the cutting of damaged roots prior to planting and immersing in water or root fluids to increase the rate of survival; earthball seedlings, which are mostly used for planting in the autumn or late spring, are well protected and can reduce post-plant stress; and container seedlings, which are easy to plant throughout the year, adaptable, and easily transport and temporary storage. The timing of planting should be selected according to the region's climatic characteristics and growth cycle, generally before the soil is unfrozen, temperature stable and budding, in order to use the whole growth season to promote root and branch growth; and in the autumn, after the fall, before the frost, to ensure that the trees adapt to the soil environment before winter。
2. 3 depth of planting and post-plant management
The depth of planting shall be determined by the science of the type of tree and soil conditions and shall normally be planted to a position slightly below 1 to 2 cm of the soil on the neck to ensure that the roots are fully buried in the soil, to prevent drying, and to avoid root decay due to the deepness of the beads or overwetage of the soil; and the seedlings and containers shall remain flat or low on the top of the earth floor to ensure stable planting and water absorption [2]. The planting should be followed by the installation of sufficient water to bind the soil to its roots, remove air gaps, promote close contact between the roots and the soil, and facilitate rapid growth and nutrient absorption. In post-plant management, appropriate hydrofertilization and environmental management should be carried out in the context of local climatic conditions, such as the need for arid areas to provide adequate coverage of moist materials or thin membranes and to maintain soil moisture; and in wet areas, attention should be paid to the smooth discharge of water to prevent root causes of water accumulation. At the same time, newly planted trees should be properly domesticated and managed, including light shade, wind-proof seedlings, timely weed removal, rational pine soil and water irrigation, in order to reduce environmental stress and increase resistance。
3 soil water management
3. 1 base fertilizer application and soil nutrient improvement
Soil nutrient testing is conducted before planting to identify soil organic content, potassium nitrogen phosphorus and trace element levels and to develop fertilization programmes based on the results. Based on organic fertilizers, such as those of mature farmers, composting or bioorganic fertilizers, they can improve soil structures, increase nutrient reserves and promote microbiological activity, together with appropriate amounts of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and provide basic nutrients for the growth of the roots of the trees and the separation of buds. In the application mode, base fats can be applied evenly to the bottom or the root line of the gutter when planting, avoiding direct contact with the root system resulting in the burning of roots, and the application of fertilizers should be appropriately adjusted to soil fertility and the age of the seedlings, with a small number of application times, and a strain of grapes may be increased according to the appropriate level of production demand. Soil nutrient improvements also include the regulation of acid alkalinity and improved soil physicolysis, the application of regulating agents, such as lime or sulfur, to devious or alkaline soils, to make ph suitable for grape growth, while improving soil laxity and water retention through deep flipping, weeding, increased decomposition, etc。
3. 2. Fertilization techniques and timing
A combination of drip irrigation or micro-jet systems can integrate water fertilizer, increase nutrient utilization and reduce loss, using a variety of methods such as ditch, cave, strip or leaf spray. Fertilizer times need to be closely linked to the stage of grape growth: nitrogen-based fertilizer is the main factor in the fertilisation of leaves and buds; phosphorus-based fat is the main factor in the fertilization of flowers until the fertilization of fruit, supporting the expansion of fruit, the accumulation of sugar and the colouring of fruit; and the proper application of potassium fertilizer and trace elements to improve the quality and storage of fruit during the maturity period of the fruit, while avoiding excessive nitrogen-based fertilizer leading to excess leaves and influencing the colour of fruit. The frequency of fertilization should be adapted flexibly to soil fertility and precipitation, with the average young grapes being used from one to two times a month, and adult grapes being used in several stages in combination with fruit growth nodes. In the pursuit of fertilizers, care should also be taken to coordinate the management of fertilizers and moisture, to maintain the soil wet but not to accumulate water, to avoid the loss of fertilizers or the burning of roots, and to improve soil permeability and the absorption conditions of root systems in conjunction with management measures such as pine soil and weeding。
3. 3 irrigation technology and water management
There are significant differences in the demand for moisture among the grapes over different periods of fertility, the need to maintain moderate humidity in the buds and flowering periods in order to promote the vitality of the roots and the separation of the buds, the need for precision control of the moisture during the expansion period to ensure the expansion and accumulation of sugar, and the moderate reduction of irrigation during the maturity period to promote the accumulation and improvement of the taste of fruit sugar, while avoiding overwetation that causes fissure or disease. Common irrigation methods include ditch irrigation, spraying, drip irrigation and micro-jet irrigation, where drip irrigation and micro-jet irrigation can achieve the integrated management of precision water supply and water fertilizer, reduce evaporation and runoff losses and increase water efficiency. The control of irrigation volumes needs to be accompanied by a dynamic adjustment through soil water-bearing monitoring or evaporation measurement, in combination with soil acreage, weather conditions and grape demand, in order to ensure that the roots are in a suitable wetting environment, avoiding drought coercion affecting photocooperative uses and preventing the accumulation of water from causing root decay. Hydrological management should also be combined with the use of whole branches, leaves and coverings to reduce the risk of disease by optimizing ventilation and soil moisture conservation, and regulating the temperature and micro-environment. In arid or semi-arid areas, membrane cover, drip irrigation and water storage facilities can be used to ensure a stable water supply during dry periods, while in rain-fed areas drainage can be strengthened to avoid soil overwetage affecting the respiratory and nutrient absorption。
4. Decoration and growth control
4. 1 cropping methods at different stages of growth
In the case of young grapes, winter shears focus on the promotion of branches, deformation and preservation of the growth of the brocade, ensuring that the branches are healthy and full-eyed. The summer cut from the budding to the flowering season is based on control, direction of branch growth and improvement of light conditions, the timely removal of long and dense branches, the preservation of branches of result and well-ventilated leaves, and the optimization of nutrient distribution. The summer shears during the expansion period focused on adjusting the foliage density, reducing shades and promoting even expansion of light co-operation and fruit, combined with foliage and removal of diseased branches, and reducing the risk of disease. Cuts at the maturity stage of the fruit are mainly based on the preservation of the fruit and maintenance of the branch's health, avoiding excessive growth and consumption of nutrients, while contributing to the concentration of nutrients in the fruit in combination with heart-crunching or short-cuting. The growing season for adult grapes needs to be coordinated with the frame shape, range and planting pattern, such as the strategy of chickening, chicken binding, whole branching and twiging, which needs to be adapted flexibly to the growth pattern in order to balance production and fruit quality。
4. 2 form and shed management
Common shapes include single fences, double fences, sheds and high-level shelves, which have a significant impact on branch distribution, light reception and air circulation, and where reasonable selection increases the efficiency and quality of light cooperation. The management of sheds involves the fixing of chickens, binding, chickening and branch trimming, so as to reduce the incidence of diseases and pests by providing scientific chickens and branches, evenly distributed trunks and branches of results, and avoiding over-heavy foliage resulting in shade or poor air flow. Newly planted grapes should be built at an early age through chickening and stereotyped training to ensure healthy growth of the backbone and the main chicken, while adult grapes need to be updated with seasonal trims, renewed fruit branches and twigs in order to maintain a balance between the load of the shed and the light of the fruit。
4. 3 reasonable use of growth regulators
Common growth regulators include cactinin, cell styrene, thylene acetate (naa), ethylene and decomposition acid, with different formulation types and concentrations applicable to different stages of growth and management purposes. Low concentrations of cactin may be used before or during a budding period to promote budding and flowering and increase flowering rates; the use of cell separators or appropriate cactin in flowering periods can promote pollination and fruit fertilization and increase yield rates; the expansion of fruit is suitable for the spraying of cactin, acetate or ethylene, regulating the extension of fruit cells and increasing the physical volume of fruit, together with the use of -138 potassium fertilizer to increase the accumulation of sugar fractions and the rigidity of fruit; and the maturity of fruit and the homogenization of colours can be controlled by ethylene or deflating acid at maturity. The recommended dose and application methods should be strictly followed in the use of growth regulators, taking care that the fluid covers the leaves and fruit equally, avoiding excessive or high concentrations of use leading to long leaves, malformations or delayed maturity, and should control the frequency and interval of application, combining environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity and light to improve efficacy and safety。
Gravity management, involving soil improvement, species selection, tree management, frame design, water fertilization irrigation, trimping, pest control and growth regulation, is key to achieving high-yield quality management. Through rational planting density, scientific base fattening and fertilization, precision water management and phased trimming, the growth of the roots, the ventilation of the leaves and the expansion of the fruits can be facilitated. At the same time, integrated pest control and rational application of growth control agents have helped to improve the quality of fruits and stabilize yields. Modern management techniques, such as intelligent irrigation, data monitoring and the optimization of sheds, not only improve productivity but also contribute to efficient use of resources and sustainable development. Only the systematic and scientific management of cultivation throughout the reproductive period will be effective in increasing the economic efficiency of vineyards, achieving the goal of steady, high-yielding and high-quality fruit production and providing technical guarantees for the development of the modern grape industry。
