1 determination of the time of the shack
Similar to other falling fruit trees, the sprouts of grapes are dormant. As the new grapes mature from bottom to bottom, the new grapes grow into a state of physical hibernation when the buds, known as winter buds, were not budding. This state of hibernation is usually completed after the fall of the leaves and after a low temperature of about one month. The effective temperature to satisfy natural hibernation is 0-7. 2°c, and complete break-up of natural hibernation requires temperatures of up to 7. 2°c of 1000-1200 hours. For example, in the guangdong region of shandong province, the prowl can start in mid-december and late, with earlier mature varieties starting at the end of november. Areas with high latitudes can be advanced appropriately。
During the first three to five days of the shack, the curtains were placed on the membrane during the day, gradually increasing the temperature of the shed from below zero degrees under natural conditions to 12-13 degrees celsius, until the soil in the shed was completely unfrozen and the curtains were lifted during the day. After 15-20 days, the sprouts started to move, 60-65 days later the flowers began to bloom, and the period lasted 12-15 days. The time between flowering and ripening varies from one species to another, taking about 100 days for large peak grapes and shorter periods for pre-maturized varieties。
2. Temperature control
Temperature is a key factor in the cultivation of grapes. The temperature rises extremely rapidly during the daylight days in the sheds and is not easily maintained at night owing to the low temperature of the surrounding environment. Both high and low temperatures have adverse effects on growth outcomes. The principle of temperature control in the sheds is to keep the temperature as far as possible within the appropriate temperature range of the growth result and to the extent possible, the variation in temperature between day and night should be consistent with natural changes in temperature under conditions of field cultivation。
Before flowering, the control temperature is below 25°c during the day and should be properly applied to the top wind if it exceeds 25°c. The night temperature is maintained at 7-8°c and is increased if necessary to prevent the night temperature from being too low. The temperature before and after flowering is appropriate at 15-28°c. If more than 30°c, the top wind must be released, cooled and replaced; the temperature at night is above 14°c, which is conducive to pollinating and increasing the fertilisation rate。
The berries swell to maturity, the temperature outside the shed begins to pick up, the temperature inside the shed rises rapidly during the day, which can be controlled between 28 and 32°c and above 32°c for top vents. The night temperature of berries at about 15°c during maturity is conducive to the accumulation of berries colour and sugar, while the high night temperature is unfavourable。
The right location of the vent is in the upper and lower parts of the shed, and the front stage of the grapes is to be vented through the top, as the hot air in the shed moves upwards, with the highest temperature on the top, venting on the top, running out of the hot air, reducing the temperature in the shed and having a buffer distance when the cold air is immersed, so that the temperature in the shed does not fluctuate sharply。
At the end of the season, both the bottom and the top are open, hot air escapes from the top and cold air enters from the bottom to form a current. Temperatures are fast and carbon dioxide gas is replenished in the shed. It would be incorrect to place the vent in the centre of the front slope or in the centre of the back wall。
ThreeHumidity controlAnd irrigation
The relative humidity is appropriate for 70-80 per cent of the time when the vine buds are pre-flowered. The relative humidity control of the period is appropriate between 60 and 65 per cent. High rates of wetness are detrimental to the fragmentation and dispersion of flowers; low rates of wetness can lead to a loss of crowns。
Freezing water is required before winter, first when the soil is unfrozen after the shack, second when the sprouts start, third when the individual flowers open, and this time when the ground is closed with a membranes that both increase the temperature and reduce the evaporation and the humidity of the shed. A fourth water bellow, a fifth water bellow 20 days later and the last water before the berries soften。
4 fertilizer application and gas regulation
The base fertilizers of the great raisins are generally applied in october, mainly with fully decomposed organic fertilizers, with an acre mass of 4,000-5,000 kg plus appropriate velocity nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and microfertilizers. The application of organic fertilizers is the basis for ensuring high quality and efficient production of large-scale grapes。
The following periods were followed in the pursuit of fatting after the shacks: the first fertilization took place in the bud, with a combined weight of 50 kg of three dollars per acre and 50 kg of urea and potassium phosphate. Sprayed two to three times on the front lobe and sprayed 0. 2-0. 3 per cent of urea or potassium phosphate. The urea is sprayed 50 kg per acre with water mixed with flowers. Potassium sulphate was applied 50 kg per acre between late april and early may. From berries to berries to heat, leaves are sprayed with rare earth and light two to three times。
5 flower fruit management
Grapes are grown in large sheds for the purpose of producing high-grade fruit, and in order to obtain large and well-colored grapes, it is necessary to control loads and the number of fruit grains per ear. Too many ears, too high production, and not easy to colour; the right number of ears ensures the production of larger grains。
As a result, the branches can be ploughed up to 20 cm in length until they bloom, usually with one ear per branch, two ears for a few big branches, and no ears for the weak, keeping production at around 2,000 kg. At the top of the bouquet, a week or so before the flower blooms, the finger is used to strangle one quarter or one fifth of the length of the bouquet, as well as the earring, to reduce the number of fruit grains, so that the remaining grains may grow large. Seedless fruit can be obtained twice in 25 mg/kg accelerin spray or impregnated fruit ears 10-20 days after flowering and flowering。
6 orthopaedic and trim
6. 1 plastic
The trees in which the large sheds grow grapes are mostly in a single-armed shape。
6. 2 shearing
Gravity is trimmed throughout the growing season, including the following。
(1) sweeping and stinging
During the pre-growth period, the removal or removal of surplus new items can improve ventilation, and the earlier the mooring and loitering take place, the better it will be for the conservation of tree nutrients。
(2) outcome branch
The retention of four to six leaves at the top of the sequence to remove the end of the result technique and to control the growth and transmission of nutrients to the bouquet can increase the seating rate。
(3) bystand
We need to wipe off the subdivisions of the result in time. A single leaf is reserved for the grafts above the graft, resulting in two loafs at the top of the branch。
(4) distinction of volume and lead
The growth of the shrubs can cause inconvenience to the management of the vines and consume the nutrients of the trees, so that they are removed in a timely manner. When new steps are up to 40 centimetres or more, they need to be drawn to the surface to facilitate ventilation。
(5) shearing after the unveiling
It has been proven that new buds formed within the shed are stunted and difficult to form buds because of weak lighting, poor photomass, high temperatures, high nutrient consumption and low accumulation. On the cut, a different approach than field cultivation is required to address the problem of production over the years。
Gravity harvests began in mid-may and ended in early june. The after-harvest pavilion is the period during which the raisins of the open ground are divided. At this point, if a heavy trim is used, it can be rebuilt. It would be better to leave the parent branch of the original result to be trimmed, so that it forms buds under natural conditions and leaves three to five sprouts on the stubble during winter. This method of trimmed works well, with high-quality buds, high-yielding fruit and high-yielding production in the coming year, and effectively solves the problem of productive production over the years。
7 grapes in large shedsPest control
In the shed, grapes live in a closed and relatively stable environment, with fewer common pests and pests compared to field cultivation, but in winter and early spring, the temperature changes during the day and night in the shed are greater and often due to bad weather and lack of ventilation, leading to poor indoor ventilation and high humidity, resulting in a number of diseases that are difficult to see on the open grapes, among which asymptomatic diseases are the worst。
Asymptomatic diseases occur mainly in the raisins and early fruit. Before flowering, the fungus can infest the ears of the flowers, which are marked with brown water stains, and then rot and dry. After the gravitation, the fungus often occurs in the aging cape, male and stunted fruit grains, from which the fungus further infests the oscillations and axes, forming brown microplasms, creating a thick grey cortex in the post-emergence period, with a slight vibration, and the disease spores spreading in smoke. Ashilosis not only affects grapes, but also tomatoes, tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers and strawberries, which are grown in most sheds。
Asymptomosis is a fungus nuclei that travels through the earth, or hides in the ground, and can also rise through the tree bark and hibernation. In grapes and larvae, the fungus produce separate spores, which are transmitted by means of tools, clothing, etc., in the airstream and in the sheds. Plasma spores can start at 1-30°c, with a maximum temperature of 18°c. However, asymptomatic diseases occur only when the humidity exceeds 94 per cent and water drops are present on the plant in the morning。
When early springs are cold, the sheds are not ventilated and wet, and because cold temperatures reduce the resistance of plants to disease, they can easily cause a grey disease epidemic. In the case of mismanagement, a few days will leave all the flowers and fruity ears sick, leading to devastating losses。
The key to the prevention and treatment of grey silt should be to minimize the humidity of the shed before and after grape blossoms. First, water should be poured by dripping or permeation, and the entire surface cover of the membrane should maintain soil moisture while reducing the humidity of the shed. Secondly, air is to be ventilated in a timely manner and in the middle of the day, at high temperatures around noon。
In the event of an outbreak of pessimism in the field, treatment should be done in a timely manner, using 50 per cent of the poachable powder 1,500 times more liquid, 50 per cent of the hygienic powder 800 times more liquid and 65 per cent of the mercuric powder 800 times liquid. In the application, it is advisable to use a hand-held sprayer, with only the oaks being sprayed, to reduce the humidity in the shed。
