Autumn is the best time for open-earth garlic cultivation, a period in which the climate is mild and the soil is suitable for garlic rooting, long leaves, growing strong seedlings, ensuring the safe passage of young children over the winter, and laying the foundations for high levels of garlic and garlic production in the coming year. Garlic fallLand cultivationThe technical requirements for soil conditions, planting times, planting methods, field care, etc. Are high, and either chain is not working properly, leading to problems such as poor seedlings, weak long-term growth, winter cold injuries, high incidence of disease and pests, and declining yield quality. The core technical attention to the field of garlic cultivation in the autumn is summarized below in the light of experience with field production。
I. Preparation for broadcasting: solid foundations to avoid pre-existing hazards
(i) land plot selection and conversion
Garlic roots are shallow, draconian, resistant to fatty and flooding, taboos associated with onions, pickles, onions, and other licories. They are linked to plots that accumulate endemic bacteria and cause severe obstacles, leading to weak garlic, dead seedlings, garlic malformations. Priority is given to flat terrain, ventilation, drainage and drainage facilities, the neutral or micro-acid sandy soil and the planting of the land。
The soil needs to be ploughed in fine depth, with 25-30 cm deep tillage for the first 7 to 10 days, breaking the sheeting layer, defusing the soil structure, improving soil amelioration and preserving water fertility. Deep tillage is followed by the tearing of earth blocks, the flatting of the ground, the removal of soil debris, weeds and stones, and the avoidance of the presence of debris in the garlic petals. In the case of low-lying water-bearing plots, early pick-up is required to provide for drains and drains to prevent the planting of bad seedlings during the rainy season。
(ii) scientific fertilisation, dominated by base fertilisation
Garlic is long-lived and requires high levels of fertilization, and in the autumn planting is based on the principle of re-appliance and less recourse to fertilization, which accounts for more than 70 per cent of all fertilization throughout the reproductive period and eliminates the use of nitrogen. The whole ground is covered by a combination of decomposed farm and organic fertilizer, combined with a three-dollar composite fertilizer of potassium nitrogen phosphorus, with appropriate supplements to the calcium, magnesium, sulphur, etc., to meet the demand for garlic seeding and nutrient reserves。
It is strictly forbidden to use raw manure, which, by fermenting in the soil, produces high temperatures and harmful gases, makes it easier to burn the petals, carries eggs and bacteria, and exacerbates the occurrence of later-stage pests. Fertilizers are then fully synchronized with the soil to avoid the burning of seedlings and the loss of fertilizers as a result of their concentration。
(iii) selection and pre-treatment of garlic
The quality of garlic directly determines the rate of seeding and the growth of seedlings, which must be strictly selected before seeding. Priority is given to locally adapted, disease-resistant, high-yielding, high-quality detoxification garlic, selection of uniform size, full garlic, normal colour, non-defatigable, non-stereogenic, insect-blind, non-modified garlic, and removal of dried, deformed, decomposed and sick garlic。
The selection is followed by a hierarchical process whereby large, medium and small garlic is sowed separately, ensuring that the seedlings in the field are well grown and avoiding sapling and competition for nutrients. Pre-screening of seeds prior to planting can be done by mixing or impregnating with hot water, killing the fungus and eggs carried on the face of garlic petals, preventing diseases such as morbidity and garlic maggots, while breaking the hiatus of garlic grafts, accelerating the yielding of seedlings and improving its integrity。
Ii. Equivalent seeding: precision control of times and nurturing of winter seedlings
Seeding times are central to the field garlic cultivation in the autumn, and early or late planting can seriously affect yields. Premature seeding, high temperatures in the autumn, excessive growth of seedlings, long leaves, high consumption of petal nutrients, reduced resistance to cold till winter, prone to freezing, secondary growth, and the following year's retributive garlic and cartilage; late seeding, low temperatures, slow growth of garlic roots, late seeding, weak growth of young seedlings, low roots, inadequate functional leaves, inability to accumulate enough nutrients, high winter mortality, slow return, low garlic and low yields。
Accurate control period combined with north-south climate differences: the suitable planting period in the north is from late september to mid-october, with average daily temperatures stabilizing at 15-18°c, ensuring that 5-7 functional leaves are grown before the winter of garlic, with strong roots and a good cold resistance; the southern region has a slow return to temperatures that can delay planting until late october and early november. In general, the principle of “premature and steady spread” is followed, matching the local temperature change period。
Iii. Regulating planting: protecting the quality of seedlings by insulating density depths
(i) reasonable secrecy
The density of field garlic cultivation needs to be adapted to the characteristics of the species, the purpose of the harvest, and so that it is not too dense or thin. Overdensity, poor ventilation in the field, long-planted, poorly developed, prone to inverting, disease, and high levels of garlic inflation, low density, low land use, insufficient effective stands and lower overall production。
The regular garlic- and garlic-producing plots, with specifications of 18-20 cm range and 6-7 cm range, are set at around 40,000 acres per acre, with an acreage of about 300 kg; if the purpose is to collect the sole garlic, they can increase planting density, reduce the distance of the stock and increase the proportion of the monolithic garlic. The planting shall be carried out in such a way as to ensure a balanced and uniform range and field layout。
(ii) controlling seed depth
Following the traditional planting principle of “deep onions, light on garlic”, the field garlic is suitable for planting at depths of 3-4 cm in the autumn. The seeding is too deep, the seedlings are highly resistant, the seedlings are slow and thin, the post-spill garlic swelling is blocked and tend to grow into garlic; the seeding is too shallow, the garlic petals are naked, the roots are shallow, the seedlings are not stable, are prone to freezing and falling during winters, and the post-spill can affect yields and yields。
The seeding takes place in a gutter-pointing manner, placing the garlic petals in a straight-up and root-down position, ensuring that the planting of the plume is right, eliminating the fall-down, tilting, planting the soil in a timely manner, so that the garlic petals are closely connected to the soil and preventing the spill from causing the dry seeding。
Iv. Management of the field: precision care, steady growth
(i) water management
Garlic seedlings are wet and wet, fearing water accumulation, and sowing is required to water the soil in proportion to the soil's condition, to water the roots, to keep the soil wet, to provide sufficient moisture for the seeding of garlic petals and to promote seedlings and seedlings. Avoiding flooding before seedlings, preventing soil slabs and saplings; and managing water seedlings after seedlings, with moderate drought contributing to rooting and avoiding excessive moisture leading to the growth of young seedlings and weak tubing。
Before the soil is frozen, it needs to be filled with winter water, which can stabilize the temperature, absorb soil moisture, reduce the exposure of night and day temperature differentials to freezing injuries on root systems, and ensure the safe passage of seedlings. The winter snow and rain weather is followed by the timely clearing of the field drains, the removal of water and the strict protection of the field from the water roots and saplings。
(ii) weed removal of pine soil
In the autumn, weeds flourish in the fields, and weeds compete with garlic seedlings for water fattening, lighting and growth space. They also breed insect eggs and induce pests. Young seedlings require timely artificial weeding in the long term, prohibiting the use of high concentrations of herbicides and avoiding drug abuse。
In combination with weeding, light pine soil is removed from the surface sheeting of the soil, which improves its permeability and promotes the growth of the roots for respiratory growth. It is not appropriate to be so shallow as to avoid deep cultivation that causes damage to the garlic shallow roots and affects the normal growth of plants。
(iii) fattening during seeding
After the seedling is fully grown up to 3-4 leafs, fattening is followed up on the basis of the appropriate size of the seedling, mainly by fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer, with a small amount of potassium phosphorus fertilizer to supplement the nutrients required for the growth of the seedling, and to promote the growth of the leaf and strong roots. Fat pursuit follows the principle of “hard weight and diligence” and prohibits one-time application of heavy fat to prevent the burning of seedlings. Long, weak plots can be properly replenished, too strong plots can be used to control water fattening, to balance the strength of the plant, and to cultivate a strong, wintering seedling。
V. Green prevention and control of pests and diseases: prevention as a whole, integrated management
In the autumn, the prevention and control of diseases such as garlic mackerel, horseback and leaf flies, as well as diseases such as decomposition, leaf wasting and purple spots, were the main focus。
In the area of pests, garlic maggots are high-prevalence pests, larvae eat petals and larvae, lead to rotten species, dead seedlings, lack of saplings, pre-plant treatment with medicinal blends or poison soil to prevent pests from the source; when pests are discovered, low-toxic agents are used to spray the root in a timely manner。
In the case of diseases, most are caused by high soil moisture, poor ventilation in the field and the presence of garlic, daily drainage in the field, rational planting, timely weeding, maintenance of dry ventilation in the field and reduction of the fungus breeding environment. The timely removal of leaves and the clean-up of strains in case of sporadic outbreaks of disease, combined with the application of a combination of therapeutic agents to prevent the spread of the disease, strict adherence to pesticide use norms and the safety of garlic quality。
Vi. Winter care: cold protection, safe winter
In winter care for young children, which is the key to the sound production of garlic in the autumn, the focus of management is on “controlling power, strengthening roots and combating the cold” before winter. In the case of young children who are too strong, water-controlled fattening is controlled in a timely manner, inhibiting the growth of animals and increasing the resilience of plants to the cold; in the case of young young children who are weak, a small amount of fertilizer is applied to promote recovery and avoid the death of weak ones from winter colds。
In the cold areas of the north, when the soil is frozen and the seedlings cease to grow, it can be covered with thin soil, straw, etc., and serve to protect the temperature, buffer the low temperature, effectively prevent the freezing, protect the seedlings and the base leaves from winter and lay the foundations for rapid growth and garlic production in the spring。
Summary
The core technical logic of the field garlic cultivation in the autumn lays the foundation for the front, medium-term growth of the seedlings, late winter protection, with a focus on the seven key points of control, rotation of the plots, garlic processing, planting at the right time, intensive planting, water fertilizer management, pest control and winter preparedness. Cultivation requires flexible adaptation of management programmes to the local climate, soil conditions and characteristics of varieties, avoiding common problems such as co-optation, inappropriate seeding, water fertilisation imbalances and freezing pests, fine-tuning of cultivation techniques, and nurturing of healthy winter seedlings leading to high-quality, productive and efficient garlic cultivation。
