I. Crop profiles
Potato (scientific name: solanum tuberousum l. English: potato), tomato and tomato, one year of grass, not known as potatoes, eggs, potatoes, etc. The potatoes originated in the andean plateau of south america and are the third largest food crop in the world after rice and wheat. Potatoes are well nourished, with a starch content of about 9. 0 ~ 20. 0 per cent in fresh tubers, 1. 5 ~ 2. 3 per cent in proteins, 0. 1 ~ 1. 1 per cent in fat and 0. 6 ~ 0. 8 per cent in crude fibres, as well as rich vitamin b, vitamin c, carrots, amino acid and many trace elements. Potatoes are good ingredients for food processing and industrial processing, and potato sodium, potato powder, fries, chips, fermented foods, chemical products, etc. Are very relevant to our lives。
PotatoesPlantationThe vast majority of countries worldwide, ranging from 71° n to 40° s, are growing well in low-altitude areas up to 5,000 metres above sea level. Large areas of potato cultivation worldwide include china, russia, the united states, the netherlands, germany and canada. My country is the country with the largest production of potatoes, with cultivation area and total production accounting for more than a quarter of the global total in the long run. Potatoes are widely distributed in the country and are divided into four growing areas, one in the north, two in the middle, one in the south-west and two in the south。
Ii. Form characteristics
Potatoes are homophiles, home-grown and pollinating plants, 15 to 80 cm tall, produced mainly by sexless tubers。
The root root of the potato is the straight root of the seed for sexual reproduction and the root of the non-sexual reproduction in the production of chips. The roots are divided into two categories, the budding root, which grows on the basis of the seeding of potatoes in the first place, and the dense and unstable roots that grow in the upper part of the subterranean tub。
The tubers of potatoes are divided into four types, by part, form and function, in the top of the ground, in the ground, in the ground, in the runners and in the stem. The stem is a branch developed by a bud that grows from the buds of potatoes, usually of a straight or semi-tangular type, with fewer cheeks, visible at the upper part of the truncheon, mostly of green colours and also of purple or brown colour in the green part; the truncheum is a part of the soil where the sprouted sprouts of potatoes are grown, the lower part is white, close to the surface is a little green or brown, usually 6-8 knots, shorter, and has roots and runners on the top; the truncheons are grown on the top of the truncheon, usually white, in the direction of the surface layer of the soil; and the truncheum is a condensed, fat and pon, with various features of the truncheum. There are no green leaves in the tubular cells and white, yellow, brown, etc. Potato meat also has various colours, including white, yellow, red, purple. The tubers have budding eyes, consisting of buds, one principal bud and two or more by-sprouts, which, when meeting the conditions for their growth, can grow into new plants。
The first and second first leaves of potatoes are single leaves, complete and smooth. The leaves that will grow later will be incompletely mixed with a small leaf at the top, while the rest of the leaves will be born on the axis of the leaf, typically three to four pairs, and on the side bearings of the leaves, with small leaves of varying sizes。
Potatoes have white, pink, purple and so on. Sequencing tops, backsides, flower bell shape, approximately 1 cm in diameter, 5 cm in diameter, fissure pins, and the clarinet is hidden inside the clarinet. Whether it blooms or not doesn't affect the growth of the trachea。
The fruit and seeds of potatoes are the organs of their sexual reproduction. After pollinating, the berries expand into berries, which are shaped in round, elliptical, green, brown or purple, containing 100 ~250 seeds and 0. 3 ~ 0. 6 g of 1,000 grains. Seeds are generally dormant for up to six months. Seeds grow slowly, top soil capacity is weak, seedlings are thin, leaves are scarce and growth is slow before 3-4 leaves。
Potato morphological characteristics
Iii. Growing habits
Potatoes are cold crops that require high temperatures and require sufficient moisture and nutrients during growth. Potato growth is divided into six phases: hibernation, gestation, seedling, gestation, potato and maturation. Rest periods: potatoes remain unsprung in suitable environmental conditions. The duration of this period varies according to variety and the environment, ranging from almost no hibernation to between one and two months for the elderly of up to four months, and the gestation period: the seeding begins to germinate when the seed is released. This phase takes 25 to 35 days (spring) or 10 to 20 days (fall); seedling periods: from seedling to sixth or eighth leaf. This phase usually lasts 15-20 days; the seeding period: from the beginning of the horticulture tree to the completion of the top leaf (leaf 12 or 16), it usually takes 25-30 days. At this point, the tip of the truncheon becomes thicker and the truncheons begin to form; the somber period: the first leaf grows slowly and the size of the truncheons grows rapidly, especially during the first 10 days of the flowering period. The leaves then began to grow old, even yellow, and the tubers were generally stable, but they were increasing as a result of the accumulation of starch. It usually takes 30 to 50 days at this stage; maturity: when 50% of the plant leaves are dead at yellowtime, both the ground and underground parts of the potatoes stopped growing, marking the maturity of the potatoes。
Plantation techniques and care include, inter alia:
Land selection and land-cleaning: choosing soil plots that are soil-rich, lax and well-ventilated。
Potato processing: selecting to use qualified detoxification and pre-sprouts。
Seeding: seeding at 10 cm earth layer temperature stabilization through 10°c in the adaptation area。
Field management: good field management, timely field farming, enhanced pest and grass control, and timely harvesting when mature。
Attention: attention is paid to the quality of the production of detoxicated potatoes; to areas with high levels of disease grass and to years; to early prevention and control; to avoid as much light transportation and storage as possible after harvesting。
Potatoes during birth
IvNutritional valueAnd applications
Potato production varies according to region, variety, planting techniques, and the national average is close to 1,400 kg/acre. In recent years, with the optimization of breeding and planting techniques for new varieties, the level of single potato production has risen year by year, reaching more than 8,000 kg/acre in some areas。
The full and balanced nutrition of potatoes is a high-quality food resource and an important food crop to meet the diverse needs of the population. The potato tubers contain nutrients essential for human health and, in addition to carbohydrates that provide the daily energy required for humans, they also contain essential amino acids such as proteins of good quality, lysine acids lacking in traditional staple foods, chroma acids, various minerals such as high potassium content, multi-b vitamins, and low fat, low-heat and high-eat fibres, which are recognized as perfect foods. Potatoes also contain vitamin c and carrots not found in traditional staple rice and wheat, which are resistant to oxidation; potassium sodium helps maintain the internal acid balance and helps reduce the risk of hypertensive pressure and stroke; fat content is only 0. 1% ~ 1. 1%; proteins are of high nutritional value and of similar quality to eggs, easily digested, superior to other staple food crops, and proteins contain 18 amino acids, among which eight essential amino acids must be taken from food that cannot or cannot be synthesized at sufficient speed。
The potato plays an important role in the food structure of the chinese population. Over the centuries, the potatoes on the table of the chinese people have become unique local foods; potatoes can be processed into a variety of foods, such as fries, chips, potatoes and sodium; potato leaves and processed by-products can be used as animal feed; potatoes can be used in the production of industrial products such as paper, glue and coating; potatoes can be used in the production of bioethanol and other biofuels。
French fries
Chips
Potato powder
The results of the institute's scientific research
NortheastAgricultureThe university college of agriculture, which began its research on potatoes earlier in 1948 (formerly the northeast college of agriculture), began teaching and scientific research on potato breeding at the earliest stage in the country. More than 200 masters of potato direction and master's studies were trained in various areas of the country's potato industry and in the main producing regions。
Since the “sixty-five” period, more than 40 projects in various scientific and technological programmes at the national and provincial levels have been sponsored and assumed, and more than 200 papers have been published, and over 20 potato varieties have been produced in the chengdong series. More than 10 major scientific and technological awards have been awarded to the national science congress award, the national science and technology progress prize and the heilongjiang province science and technology progress prize. The very early-schooled farmers 303 are the best varieties of the country's potato herbs and replants, which were expanded in 23 provinces and cities throughout the country and are among the main varieties of the country's marketing, second-season planting, export of commodities and processing. In recent years, the groundbreaking state-run processing varieties 310 were recommended by the former ministry of agriculture as the dominant agricultural species in 2016 and were selected for the first time by the ministry of agriculture and rural development in 2023 for the national catalogue of the promotion of crop excellence。
Representative species: ot 310
Representative species: eastern non-governmental organizations 317
