Why did switzerland become the “state of the clock”? How did the prada emerald, known as the "court," be created? Why are women's wristwatches, once exclusive to women, always on men's wrists? Why do you have to have a special wristwatch for flying and diving
Any history is about human history. The watchmaker who fled to geneva, switzerland, in the holocaust, finally made this watch town; the “arch's watchman” who nearly lost his head in the dramatic french revolution, who was always thinking about how to confront the gravity of the earth; a country that broke its home, sold its watch only for a meal of polish soldiers, and finally created the “cheek king”; a desolate mining town that spent 100 years turning into a watch, but fell out of the air in the bombing, reborn after 45 years
Beyond the real war, the game within the watch industry has never stopped. There are different brands and watchmakers from different countries. When people don't want to rely on high towers, they have smaller clocks; when sailors don't want to get lost in the sea, they have sea clocks; when pilots can't get their hands out of the pocket, they can put the watch on their hands; when divers almost die of oxygen depletion, make a timeable diving watch..
So, what was the history of the clocks between the ancients and the 17th century? This article is taken from time war: 500 years of playtime, with some deletions. The illustrations used are from the book, except for the title. Authorised publication。
War of time: a 500-year-old watch game, by fan, february 2023 edition of the chinese press group。
An ancient clock was once a great thing
In the area of science and technology, technological progress is often represented by “smaller and smaller”. For example, today's smartphone is too big to slap, but the first computer, eniaak, is a 167 square metre giant enough to fill a four-bedroom。
So is the clock. Today, the world's smallest cross-section of wristwatch cores is 0. 672 square centimetres, while adult nail caps are typically 1 square centimetres, the former being truly “smaller than nail caps”。
In ancient times, however, timing tools were often large. If you've visited the palace, you must remember taiwa's temple. This sunbath alone is up to 2. 7 metres, and yao ming is expected to carry it on his shoulder in order to touch the plate with the pin. The ancient egyptians were even more arrogant, and it was said that the square tablets, weighing more than 20 metres and up to 100 tons, were also the early sunslides, pinned on the tablets and laid on the floor, highlighting the atmosphere。
In beijing, the queen of the palace and the sun in front of the temple。
However, the sun can only be counted during the daytime when there is sun, and by night or when there is a rainy day, it is completely set. To solve this problem, the ancients invented the water bell. Water bells were first shown by measuring the flow of water in containers, with officials specializing in the management of the bells as early as the western week, and later in the form of hydrodynamic mechanical timing。
In fact, the famous doom garden is part of a huge hydro-brain clock, built under the supervision of the french missionary jiang toyun. The capital of each animal represents a time when, for example, the head of the mouse is sprayed when the child is arrived, the head of the pig is sprayed when it arrives, while the head of the animal is sprayed together at noon. Today we can only imagine the magnitude and tact of the whole water clock, which unfortunately ended up being looted by british-french arms and the heads of the twelve beasts were found overseas。
And the top of china's ancient water clock is now north song. In the third year (1088), astronomers such as song cheol-zhong zhuong (song cheon-suk), “tru, lu lui, astronomer, algebra, yamana, hajia, untouchable”, and scientists such as the south korean society of public integrity and sundays, began work on the construction of the water carriers. It consists of three layers, the top of which is the instrument for observing the celestial bodies, the middle of which is an image of the objects operating, and the lower of which is an automatic reporting device. The instrument is about 12 metres tall, equal to the height of the three or four floors and 7 metres wide, and the diameter of the wheel reaches 1 foot, equivalent to 3. 6 metres today. At the time of yuen's zhu blaire, the chinese continued to create a water bell. In 1262, kwok zheng kwok created a seven-foot-high mountain leak for the emperor。
Water operator architect (reproduced according to the new meteor code at 1:5)。
Lee joseph said that china had taken the water bell to its peak, but that the europeans for their generation had chosen another technology tree. Twenty-one years after the birth of mountain leak, in 1283, the temple of dunsterpur, beitford county, england, there was a large mechanical clock, also known as the “tall”. Until the fourteenth century, such clocks were owned by royal and religious institutions。
The construction of the “tall clock” is for technical reasons. Most of the clocks at that time were pegged as power units, and the hammer must be hung at sufficient height to allow it to drop a little bit under the force of gravity that drives the gears. On the other hand, such bells are designed to organize the daily religious activities of monks, with the aim of giving them a better grasp of prayer and rest time. The tower is the highest landmark in the monastery and its existence cannot be ignored。
The tower of london is one of the world's most famous。
To make the clock small, the ancients have been fighting so hard
Since ancient times, however, people have never given up their efforts to reduce these huge timescales. In europe, for example, the sunshine is co-located, and today the palace house has an 18th-century british-made “cronium-plated equator-type japanese sunsack” with a squared area of 25 centimetres, almost the size of the ipad, as well as a more pocket-sized “crons-plated eight-point-pointed, surface-formed sunslid,” which is 6. 2 centimetres long and 5. 8 centimetres wide, basically a jewellery box。
The ancients also invented time tools such as sandglasses, cranberry clocks, candle clocks, similar to today's clocks or clocks, to mark a fixed time period. Qing dynasty's zheng dynasty wrote shrimp thawing in the garden menu, saying, “to the point of a fragrance”, while the magellan fleet was sailing around the world with 18 sandglasses on each ship。
Even the clocks have relatively portable “missing”. And the tomb of liu sheng, the father of liu bei, who was in the middle of sihan, passed through the brass. The omission was also used in the marching of the army, as documented in the general command of the book: “if there is a leak in the army, use a new card.” the link between the clock and the war began very early。
Let us turn our eyes to europe. By the 15th century, an invention was born that was indifferent but capable of changing history, and that was a rollover。
Don't look at it as a piece of steel, which, no matter how tight it is, is slowly returning to the status quo ante. This process of "roll-to-sweet" produces kinetic energy. When a spiral spring made of metals replaces a hammer as a power source, the clock size begins to shrink geometrically and produces a dynamic clock。
In the year 1430, when zheng and his seventh assignment to the western ocean took place, the french duke of burgunderuhr received a bell with gold on its face and luxuriousness, which was considered the earliest of its kind, known as the burgunderuhr. Can the clock get smaller? The answer is yes。
I've seen one of them through a mirror。
The time of the table begins with the egg
The history of the table appears to be incomprehensible with the egg。
For example, the first known wristwatch in history is a “goose egg” designed by napoleon's sister, queen caroline mula, in 1810, by the watchmaker abraham-louis breguet. This is an elliptical wristwatch, as documented in the archives, inspired by the queen naples series today, which looks like the letter q of a goose egg。
Three hundred years later, to 1505 years, when the ludicrous son of ming was in office. Peter henlein, the nürnberg craftsman, has created a portable clock that can be hung around his neck, drawing on a series of watchmakers to follow, and they have produced a series of “mount tables”, also known as nuremberg egg, which is the birth of a watch. Nürnberg, located in bavaria, south of germany today, was one of the cities of the holy roman empire, and one of europe’s richest cities at that time, known for its innovation and creativity。
Queen naples series 8938 wristwatch。
Henleyen was a locksmith apprentice when he was young. At that time, locksmiths were one of the few businesses with relevant skills and tools for this new field of clock manufacturing. Henley became a well-known watchmaker and inventor by virtue of his affiliation, and he made the earliest portable timescale at 20 years of age, which was very talented。
Today, the watch is named "watch 1505." this is a small, decorative spring-driven clock that can be hung around its neck or coat, with an egg-shaped structure of two hemispheres. The core is made of iron, and the two hemispheres are chained with brass. The shell was made of copper, and it was empty. At first glance, it looked like a handplace used to warm hands, but europeans at the time felt it was like a fragrance of bomand. Opens the upper half of the shell and can see internal palettes, which have only one clockwise and no pins and seconds。
Although such a schedule can only be timed in hours, is poor in precision and expensive, because of its unprecedented miniaturization, it can be hanged on the neck or around the waist with a ribbon, which is both beautiful and fashionable, and is therefore admired by the nobility. This nürnberg egg of henleyin has a follow-up story. In 1987, an “egg watch” suddenly appeared at an antique flea market in london, which was collected by private collectors in 2002 after losing several hands, and in 2014 it was assessed by experts as a work of 1505 by henleyin, valued at $50 million to $80 million, equivalent to 300 to 600 million yuan, which is worth more than gold eggs。
Early watch "nuremberg eggs"。
In 1905, the german watchmaker's association held a clock exhibition in nuremberg to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the birth of the watch and built a fountain for henleyin. There is a spherical structure in the middle of the fountain that represents the nürnberg eggs, and henleyin stands above and proudly looks at his invention。
After the birth of the early watch, and because of errors of up to a few hours a day, watchmakers in germany, italy, and the united kingdom, in addition to technical improvements, have also been brainwashed in the process and shape – with insufficient precision and a lack of face value。
Peter henleyon of nuremberg。
In any case, in the 16th to 17th century, male cousins looked more like a high-level game of rich and idle people. In this way, the watch that opens the door of fashion inevitably follows the trend of aristocratic dress, creating new design needs and use scenes. By 1610, glass mirrors had begun to be installed on the husks, and the husks had been placed in their pockets through chains。
Referring to the change in male aristocratic clothing, there is no doubt that the vestige is important. The inventor of the vest is said to be king charles ii of the united kingdom, who was once deported by cromwell and exiled in the european continent, and after his rebirth began to retaliate for sexual pleasure, known as the “merrie monarch”。
It is not surprising that the king of the swift was engaged, and it was recorded that he invented the vest in 1666. This year, a fire burned down about one sixth of london's buildings, saw an apple fall on the ground in newton, where he was fleeing the plague, while charles ii's chief secretary of the navy, samuel pepys, wrote in his diary: “the king announced yesterday his resolution that he would establish a fashionable costume design ... It's a vest, but i don't know much about it.”
According to some scholars, this decision by charles ii was taken in response to the trend in french clothing, which then dominated fashion, and which evolved from the coat of armor's cushioning clothing, changed the habit of people hanging a watch around their necks and began to choose to place the watch in the pocket. At the same time, in order to adapt to the fashion of tight clothing, the appearance of the watch has become thinner and has finally formed what we see today as a “gap watch” and has been in the mainstream of time for more than 200 years since then。
The emergence of the pins comes from the angle power of scientists
Although the watch is a fashionable thing, it is always just a nice costume without solving the problem of precision. And so the scientific masters showed up, and the most powerful of them was newton's life enemy. Robert hook and louis xiv。
Two guys playing like they invented it. First, in 1656, helgens turned galileo into a reality, producing a prototype for a clock, replacing the previous gravity gear with a bell, with a one-minute error of less than a minute a day, which was already remarkable; and the second year, hook invented an anchor trap that looked like anchors, which significantly reduced the amount of clock swinging, fixed the frequency of swinging and increased precision。
The two men became more aggressive and fought for the title of "major xinzu". First, wiggins announced the design of a mechanical watch, because the device contains a tiny spring (wire) that can walk for days without error. He also made one in 1675 by isaac thuret, a well-known parisian。
Whitens and his clock。
Having heard about this, hook expressed his anger that something like this had been shown to his colleagues at the royal society five years earlier, and that the record of the meeting had been lost. When hook was supposed to be a little sarcastic, he couldn't help but find the watchmaker thomas thompson to do a thing and not forget that he had written "robert hook invented, 1658; t. Thompson made, 1675" in his name。
Hook was found in the closet of a house in hampshire in 2006 with the words: “on 23 june 1670, robert hook came up with a watch he himself designed. This watch should, to be sure, be able to walk like a chandelier, and it will not stop for eight days.” unfortunately, the record was found more than 300 years late。
In any case, the presence of turbos has led to a significant reduction in the error of the clock, as well as an early shift from expensive ornaments to useful timing tools, and a timer on the dashboard is no longer alone because of the addition of a pin and its companions. From a huge clock tower to a watch in a pocket, from a look-up to a look-down, to a look-down, thousands of years of light has passed. The only thing that remains is the determination to paint time。
Original author/owner
Excerpts/ho ann
