Since 2013, when the nobel prize for physiology or medicine was won by researchers in the field of endocrine-related research, it has continued to be a natural hotspot in the country, with the number of winning projects rising from year to year. In 2022, the number of endocrine winnings was among the top five natural hotspots in the country; in 2023, the number remained high and the amount of national natural funding exceeded 200 million。
What's so special about the excreta? Let's explore:
Overview of the excretion
Exosomes are small bubble structures about 40 - 160 nm in diameter that are released from cells to the outside environment by cell ingestion. From blood, urine, to saliva, milk, and even the upper liquids of in vitro cultured cells, they are visible in almost every type of biomechanical fluid. Survivors can carry various biological molecules, such as proteins, lipids, rnas and dna, and play an important role as couriers in biological processes, such as immuno-control, tissue repair and transmission of genetic information。
Endocrine research focus
The recent project on the study of the excretion, focusing on the following areas:
1. Functional mechanisms exploration
As a "carrier" for intercellular communication, the excreta is linked to the depth at which the disease develops. Excavating its biological function and function is important for decoded disease processes. At present, the mechanism is studying the four main directions of multi-focus tumours, cardiovascular, nervous and immunisation, in an attempt to decipher molecular logic in the origin and progress of the excretion。
2. Engineering for the development of the endocrine complex
By modifying, retrofitting and adapting the body to clinical needs, such as giving the target the ability to deliver drugs, it becomes a new path to precision medicine. Engineeringly designed, the excretion can break the biological barrier, orient the therapeutic molecules to the pathology point, and provide new strategies for incurable diseases。
3. In vitro diagnostic marker excavation
On the basis of extensive properties in the body fluid, the excretion becomes the "potential unit" for diagnosis of non-intrusive diseases. In the areas of cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative diseases, the excreta, as a biomarker, has shown great value in early diagnosis and is expected to innovate disease screening and diagnosis patterns。
The following is a classic experimental idea for you to extract identification markers from your excretion studies to help open the excretion exploration tour。
Extract
A key initial step in the excretion study is the extraction of the excretion from samples. There are a variety of extraction methods available at the moment, although each method has its advantages and weaknesses and, in practice, a combination of different methods is often required to obtain high purity and concentrations of excreta。
Endocrine identification
Once the excretion has been completed, an identification process is required. The guidance manual issued by the international society for exocytological scrolls regulates the identification process from the following three core dimensions and provides authoritative guidance for excreta research:
I. Tem morphology
The characteristic of the excretion is the existence of a double cystic cystic structure, and the normal optical microscope cannot be identified due to resolution limitations. Transradioscopes (tem) can directly observe the morphology, structural integrity of the excretion, and by their accurate presentation of the microstructure of the cystic bubble, become the "gold standard" for the morphology of the excretion。
Ii. Nta physicometric characterization
Although tem can visualize the excreta, it is not possible to fully cover all cystic information in the samples. The nanoparticle tracking analysis (nta) allows rapid measurements of particle distribution and concentrations of the excrete, and dynamically tracks nanoparticle brown movement, quantifying group characteristics, which are key indicators for the physicochemical characterization of the excretion。
Iii. Wb marked protein verification
In addition to morphological and physiochemical properties, marker protein testing of the excrete is equally important. The commonly used markers cover two types of protein: amplifier proteins (e. G. Cd63, cd9, cd81) and membrane membrane proteins (e. G. Tsg101, alex, hsp70). At least 2 marker proteins are to be tested in the experiment, the most classic combinations being cd63 and tsg101, and the immunoplating of protein expression is to be verified, further anchoring the excreta identity。
Iv. Documentary practice cases
Following the study of efat-evs' participation in the af system, the separation of af patients from ef patients was carried out:
Iii. Application of cfse transmitting technology in the field market
The cfse (amperamyl acetate esters) as a trans-film fluorescent probe, with membrane permeability and green fluorescent properties (ex/em=492/517nm), has become a common tool for the appearance of the excreta. It is marked with the following mechanism: cfse, after entering the excreta, is hydrolysed with esterase to produce a fluorescent molecule with a negative charge, thus retaining a stable mark in the cylla。
