Methods of health economic analysis and evaluation
College of public health, 2nd medical university, shanghai
Li kwok hung
Methods of health economic analysis and evaluation
College of public health, 2nd medical university, shanghai
Infinite economics based on the assumption that health resources are scarce and the desire for consumption is unlimited, assuming that health resources are scarce2 and that the special consumers of health services lack the special behavioural induced demand of passive providers of medical information consumption (induceddemand)
Moral hazard: a: consumer
B: uncertainty in the occurrence of uncertain diseases in the consumption of providers, randomity and speciality in the consumption of risky health services, lack of medical information3 speciality in the consumption of health services (cont.) equity in the public health services “health for all by 2000” - speciality in the consumption of health services by third-party risk selection by who insurance companies (cont.) speciality in the cost of health services paid for the final output of health services by the public good4 cost of health services compared with the health outcomes of the comparative analysis of the cost of health and the value of the theoretical basis of the analysis of health results5 (goodvalueformoneney) the cost of maximizing resource inputs for health output under limited budgetary constraints under the base value plus-cost effect ratio for social welfare (decision-makers approach): the cost of opportunity theory is valued (goodvalueformone)6 and the costs in the underlying conceptual cost (cost) health economic analysis are the total human and material resources consumed (usually expressed in monetary terms) by the implementation of a health service plan or programme, including both public and private payments. The total of some of the costs associated with several basic concept costs (cost)7 fixed costs (fixed cost) and variable cost (variable cost) remain unchanged within a given service volume over a period of time and are not affected by changes in business volume, referred to as fixed costs. The total of some costs, referred to as variable costs, increases or decreases with the volume of health services and shows a positive percentage change. The direct costs of fixed costs and change costs (direct costs (direct costs) and indirect costs (indirect costs) are those of resources consumed or costs spent on health services. Indirect costs refer to social costs or costs arising from illness, injury or death. Direct cost (direct cost) and indirect cost (invertc9 intangible cost)
(c) losses caused by pain, grief and physical or mental injury due to illness, or by false positive diagnosis; intangible cost (intangible cost)10 opportunity cost (opportunity cost) is the benefit of allocating the same health resources to another optimal alternative. Cost-effectiveness of different decision makers watch
The marginal costs of opportunity costs (opportunitycost)11 are those that increase (or decrease) the volume of services in one unit over and above the original number of health services. Marginal costs (marginalcost)12
The effect in a broad sense can be seen as referring to all outcomes of health service outputs. Effects are useful effects, consisting of a variety of useful values, and attributes that meet the needs of people. Several of the basic conceptual effects of effects (effictivies)14 are monetary expressions of useful effects, i. E., the useful effects of health services expressed in monetary terms. (1) direct benefits (direct benefit): economic resources saved by the implementation of a programme, measures, such as reduced expenditure on expenses such as medical treatment. (2) indirect benefits (directbenett): reduced consumption of other resources, benefits or benefits to the patient's family, the surrounding population, etc. (3) extra-benefit (extrabenefit): refers to benefits received outside the original plan. (4) intangible benefits (intangiblebenetfit): the relief or avoidance of pain, grief, discomfort etc. Reflects the care of the government and society. It is not possible to measure in monetary terms. Benefits (benefit) are a monetary expression of useful effects, i. E., in the area of health services where the monetary expression of utility (utility) is defined as the satisfaction of people at different levels of health and ability to live. In cost-effectiveness analysis, greater attention is given to changes in human health levels, i. E., life quality indicators. The main indicators are the quality adjustment life years (qualityadjustedlifeeyears, qalys) and the disability adjustment life years (disabilityadjustedlifeyears, dalys). In the area of health services, effectiveness refers to the definition and methodology of health economy evaluation for different health16s as the method of comparative analysis of different programmes in terms of both the allocation of resources and the output of useful results, i. E. Costs and effects. Its basic task is to identify, measure, compare and evaluate the costs and effects of options. The definition and methodology of health-economic evaluation is the objective of the resource allocation and useful 17 studies to rationalize the allocation and utilization of limited health resources, maximize the demand for health and medical services and maximize the economic and social benefits of the population, are important tasks facing the leadership of the state and the health sector at all levels, and are of concern to the health workforce at large. The purpose of the study is to rationalize the allocation and use of limited health resources, to maximize 18 research methods for health economic analysis and evaluation, to apply technical economic analysis and evaluation methods, to conduct scientific analysis of the design, implementation or outcomes of health planning, from both cost and effect, to provide the basis for decision-making and evaluation of the government or health sector from decision-making to the implementation of the planning programme, and to plan the extent to which the objectives of the programme are achieved, so as to avoid possible loss or waste, and to rationalize the allocation and efficient use of limited health resources。
The study of methodologies for health economic analysis and evaluation is the application of technical economic analysis and evaluation methodology, basic step 1 for health economic analysis and evaluation, clear purpose and values 2, identification of alternative plans or programmes, measurement and estimation of costs, basic step 1 for measuring health economic analysis and evaluation of health programme outputs, basic step 5 for measuring health economic analysis and evaluation of defined objectives and values, discount and discount rate (discountrate), calculation and sensitivity analysis of indicators, basic step 5 for analysing and evaluating health economic analysis and evaluation, discount (discount) and basic methodology for health economic analysis and evaluation of 21
Cost-effectiveness analysis of basic methodology 22 for health economic analysis and evaluation (cost-effectivense analysis, cea)
Compare the size of its effects at the same cost
Ratio of higher and lower incremental costs and effects compared to the same effects
Cost-effectiveness analysis (cost-effectificesanal23) how to collect the medical literature on effects. Assumptions are made for certain medical parameters and sensitivity analyses are carried out for economic outcomes that are not hypothetical. Design and conduct control tests。
The advantages of parallel research and clinical research on the design of forward-looking studies (teamwork studies) and cost-impact analysis: credibility, internal effectiveness, efficiency disadvantage: external effectiveness, sample (defeating samples), contrast, cost-retroactive research design disadvantages: mixing, utility, indirect cost model approaches to the design of a mixed design of clinical decision-making models (team studies), several basic conceptual effects (efficience) related to the design of a mixed design of mathematical decision-making models, can be seen as all outcomes of health service outputs. Effects are useful effects, consisting of a variety of useful values, and attributes that meet the needs of people. Several of the basic conceptual effects (effictivies) 27 benefits (benefit) are monetary expressions of useful effects, i. E., the useful effects of health services expressed in monetary terms. (1) direct benefits (direct benefit): economic resources saved by the implementation of a programme, measures, such as reduced expenditure on expenses such as medical treatment. (2) indirect benefits (directbenett): reduced consumption of other resources, benefits or benefits to the patient's family, the surrounding population, etc. (3) extra-benefit (extrabenefit): refers to benefits received outside the original plan. (4) intangible benefits (intangiblebenetfit): the relief or avoidance of pain, grief, discomfort etc. Reflects the care of the government and society. It is not possible to measure in monetary terms. Effectiveness (benefit) is a monetary expression of a useful effect, i. E., in the area of health services where the monetary expression of 28 effects (utility) refers to satisfaction with different levels of health and ability to live. In cost-effectiveness analysis, greater attention is given to changes in human health levels, i. E., life quality indicators. The main indicators are the quality adjustment life years (qualityadjustedlifeeyears, qalys) and the disability adjustment life years (disabilityadjustedlifeyears, dalys). In the area of health services, utility refers to basic steps 1 for health-related economic analysis and evaluation, 2 for clear purposes and values, 3 for identifying alternative plans or programmes, 4 for measuring and estimating costs, 1 for measuring health-related economic analysis and evaluation of health programme outputs, 5 for defining objectives and values, 30 for health-related economic analysis and evaluation (continued), 6 for discounting (discount) and discount rate (discountrate), 7 for calculation and sensitivity analysis of indicators, 5 for analysing and evaluating health-related economic analysis and evaluation, 5 for discounting (discount 31 for health-related economic analysis and evaluation)
Cost-effectiveness analysis of basic methodology 32 for health economic analysis and evaluation (cost-effectivesse analysis, cea)
Compare the size of its effects at the same cost
Ratio of higher and lower incremental costs and effects compared to the same effects
Cost-effect analysis (cost-effictiesaral 33 icf (useful) analysis of programme b costs of decision point programme a = cost a - cost b outcome = outcome a - outcome b comparison of cost a + b = results b icf (useful) analysis of the medical documentation of effects of decision point programme a = outcome 34. Assumptions are made for certain parameters and sensitivity analyses are made for the economic results of the assumptions. Design and conduct control tests. Cost-benefit analysis (cost-benefitanalysis, npv) means the net present value of net current value (netprecentvalue, npv) of annual equivalent benefits (netequivalentannual benefitneab) and the cost-benefit ratio (benefitcostratio, bcr) of the cost-benefit analysis (cost-benefitanalysis, npv) means the net present value of 36 net present values (netprorentvalue, npv) bt means the benefits incurred in the yeart means the cost incurred in the yeart is n the limit of the planned programme。
Netprocentvalue, npv bt means that the 37 test can only be considered for adoption if the total npv is greater than zero. When comparing several programmes, the higher net present value is the preferred option. This option can only be considered for adoption if the total npv is greater than zero. Netequivalent annual benefitneab) a = crxnpva — net present value per year and cr-money recovery factor (available from the compound coefficient table)
Benefits cost ratio (benefitcostratio, bcr40 option present value of benefits option + + b/c maximum benefit - + absolute waiver + - mandatory option - b/c select 41 cost-benefit analysis of present value of benefits option minimum present value of benefits option option - cost-benefit analysis of cost-use option
The unit of measure for the characterization cost-effectiveness analysis of the cost-effectiveness analysis is manual, and improvements in health are generally calculated using the qualityadjusted lifeyear (qaly) cost-effectiveness analysis (cost-useanalysis 42) with three commonly used methods for determining utility values: expert judgement method, sample survey method, literature reference method
There are three commonly used methods for determining utility values: the expert judgement method, and the sample survey method43 uses cost-use analysis conditions when the quality of life is the most important planning result. When the quality of life is an important outcome. When planning affects not only morbidity but also mortality, evaluators want a common unit of measure to combine the two effects. If you are a health planner, there are a number of different effects planning needs to be funded. Because the effects of these different plans do not use the same natural units, there is a lack of comparability. If someone has done a cost-use analysis and you want to compare the results of his research, you must also use this method. The conditions for the use of cost-use analysis are when the quality of life is the most important planning result. 44 access to literature on the sample survey methodology for determining utility value expert judgement
Analysis of the analysis of the technical indicators for strategic objective purchase of or rents, the sensitivity analysis of the net present value or cost-benefit ratio impact factor for the use of the profit-and-loss balance point for the investment recovery period, and of the analysis of the case of the consistent pricing decision-making exercise to determine strategic objective 46
College of public health, 2nd medical university, shanghai
Li kwok hung
Methods of health economic analysis and evaluation
College of public health, 2nd medical university, shanghai
Infinite economics of lee 47, assuming scarce health resources and a desire for consumption, assumes that scarce health resources 48, special consumers of health services, lack the special behaviour-induced demand of passive providers of medical information consumption (induceddemand)
Moral hazard: a: consumer
B: uncertainty in the occurrence of uncertain diseases in the consumption of the provider, randomity and speciality in the consumption of risky health services, lack of medical information49 speciality in the consumption of health services (cont.) equity in the public health service “health for all by 2000” - speciality in the consumption of health services by third-party risk selection of the paid health service of who insurance company (cont.) speciality of the health service by the public good50 cost of health services compared with health outcomes 51 theoretically based analysis of the value of health costs versus health outcomes (goodvalueformoneney) maximization of social benefits (potential) of the theoretical basis of welfare economics (kaldor-hicks standard or compensation principle): the cost of maximizing resource inputs for health output under limited budgetary constraints under the base value plus-cost effect ratio for social welfare (decision-makers approach): the cost-of-opportunity theoretical basis (goodvalueformone)52 the cost of several basic conceptual costs (cost) in the health economy analysis refers to the entire human and material resources consumed (usually expressed in monetary terms) by the implementation of a health service plan or programme, including both public and private payments. The total of some of the costs of several basic concept costs (cost)53 fixed costs (fixed cost) and variable cost (variable cost) that remain within a given volume of services for a given period of time and are not affected by changes in business volume, are referred to as fixed costs. The total of some costs, referred to as variable costs, increases or decreases with the volume of health services and shows a positive percentage change. The direct costs of fixed costs and variable costs (direct costs (direct costs) and indirect costs (direct costs) are those of resources consumed or costs incurred in health services. Indirect costs refer to social costs or costs arising from illness, injury or death. Direct cost (direct cost) and indirect cost (invertc55 intangible cost)
(c) losses caused by pain, grief and physical or mental injury due to illness, or by false positive diagnosis; intangible cost (intangible cost) 56 opportunity cost (opportunity cost) is the benefit of allocating the same health resources to another optimal alternative. Cost-effectiveness of different decision makers watch
The marginal cost of opportunity (opportunitycost) 57 is the increase (or decrease) in the volume of services added to (or reduced) a unit over the original number of health services. Cost formation under different analytical perspectives 59
The effect in a broad sense can be seen as referring to all outcomes of health service outputs. Effects are useful effects, consisting of a variety of useful values, and attributes that meet the needs of people. Several of the basic conceptual effects (effictimacy) 60 benefits (benefit) are monetary expressions of useful effects, i. E., the useful effects of health services expressed in monetary terms. (1) direct benefits (direct benefit): economic resources saved by the implementation of a programme, measures, such as reduced expenditure on expenses such as medical treatment. (2) indirect benefits (directbenett): reduced consumption of other resources, benefits or benefits to the patient's family, the surrounding population, etc. (3) extra-benefit (extrabenefit): refers to benefits received outside the original plan. (4) intangible benefits (intangiblebenetfit): the relief or avoidance of pain, grief, discomfort etc. Reflects the care of the government and society. It is not possible to measure in monetary terms. Benefits (benefit) are a monetary expression of useful effects, i. E., in the area of health services where currency represents 61 effects (utility), effectiveness means satisfaction with different levels of health and ability to live. In cost-effectiveness analysis, greater attention is given to changes in human health levels, i. E., life quality indicators. The main indicators are the quality adjustment life years (qualityadjustedlifeeyears, qalys) and the disability adjustment life years (disabilityadjustedlifeyears, dalys). In the area of health services, effectiveness refers to the definition of different health-62 health-economic assessments and the methodology of health-economic evaluation as the method of comparative analysis of different programmes in terms of both the allocation of resources and the output of useful results, i. E., costs and effects. Its basic task is to identify, measure, compare and evaluate the costs and effects of options. The definition and methodology of health-economic evaluation, which is the objective of the resource allocation and useful impact-63 study, is to rationalize the allocation and utilization of limited health resources, maximize the needs of the population for health and medical services and generate the greatest economic and social benefits. It is an important task for the leadership of the state and the health sector at all levels and is of concern to the health workers and health workers in general. The purpose of the study is to rationalize the allocation and use of limited health resources, to maximize 64 research methods for health economic analysis and evaluation, to apply technical economic analysis and evaluation methods, to conduct scientific analysis of the design, implementation or outcomes of health planning, in terms of both costs and effects, to provide the basis for decision-making and evaluation of the government or health sector from decision-making to the implementation of the planning programme, and to plan the extent to which the objectives of the programme are achieved, so as to avoid possible loss or waste, and to rationalize the allocation and efficient use of limited health resources。
Research on methodologies for health economic analysis and evaluation is the application of the methodology for technical economic analysis and evaluation, basic step 1 for 65 health economic analysis and evaluation, clear objectives and values 2, identification of alternative plans or programmes, measurement and estimation of costs, basic step 1 for measuring health economic analysis and evaluation of health programme outputs, basic step 5 for measuring health economic analysis and evaluation of defined objectives and values, discount (discountrate) and discount rate (discountrate), calculation and sensitivity analysis of indicators, basic step 5 for analysing and evaluating health economic analysis and evaluation, discount (discount) and basic methodology for posting 67 health economic analysis and evaluation
Cost-effectiveness analysis for basic methods of health economic analysis and evaluation (cost-effectivense analysis, cea)
Compare the size of its effects at the same cost
Ratio of higher and lower incremental costs and effects compared to the same effects
Cost-effectiveness analysis (cost-effectificesanal69) how to collect the medical literature on effects. Assumptions are made for certain medical parameters and sensitivity analyses are carried out for economic outcomes that are not hypothetical. Design and conduct control tests。
The advantages of parallel research and clinical research on forward-looking research design (team study) and cost-impact analysis: credibility, in-house effectiveness, efficiency disadvantage: external effectiveness, sample (defeating sample), contrast, cost-retroactive research design disadvantages: mixed, effective, indirect cost model research on several basic conceptual effects (efficience) related to the design of mixed design for mathematical decision-making models (team study)72 in the design of clinical decision-making models. Effects are useful effects, consisting of a variety of useful values, and attributes that meet the needs of people. Several basic conceptual effects (effictimacy) 73 benefits (benefit) are a monetary expression of useful effects, i. E. A monetary expression of the useful effects of health services. (1) direct benefits (direct benefit): economic resources saved by the implementation of a programme, measures, such as reduced expenditure on expenses such as medical treatment. (2) indirect benefits (directbenett): reduced consumption of other resources, benefits or benefits to the patient's family, the surrounding population, etc. (3) extra-benefit (extrabenefit): refers to benefits received outside the original plan. (4) intangible benefits (intangiblebenetfit): the relief or avoidance of pain, grief, discomfort etc. Reflects the care of the government and society. It is not possible to measure in monetary terms. Effectiveness (benefit) is a monetary expression of useful effects, i. E., in the area of health services where the monetary expression of 74 effects (utility) refers to satisfaction with different levels of health and ability to live. In cost-effectiveness analysis, greater attention is given to changes in human health levels, i. E., life quality indicators. The main indicators are the quality adjustment life years (qualityadjustedlifeeyears, qalys) and the disability adjustment life years (disabilityadjustedlifeyears, dalys). In the area of health services, utility refers to basic steps 1 for health economic analysis and evaluation of different health 75; clear objectives and values 2; identification of alternative plans or programmes 3; measurement and estimation of costs 4; measurement of health economic analysis and evaluation of health programme outputs 1; basic steps of health economic analysis and evaluation of clear objectives and values 76 (continued) 5; discount (discount) and discount rate (discountrate) 6; calculation and sensitivity analysis of indicators 7; basic steps for analysis and evaluation of health economic analysis and evaluation (continued); discounting (discount 77)
Basic methodology for health economic analysis and evaluation: cost-effect analysis 78
Compare the size of its effects at the same cost
Ratio of higher and lower incremental costs and effects compared to the same effects
Cost-effect analysis (cost-effectifice anal 79) analysis of programme b cost of decision point a = cost a - cost b outcome = outcome a - outcome b comparison of cost a + b = results b incremental cost effect (useful) analysis of programme b of decision point a = outcome 80 collection of the medical literature on effects. Assumptions are made for certain parameters and sensitivity analyses are made for the economic results of the assumptions. Design and conduct control tests. The net present value of net current value (netprentvalue, npv) of the net current value (netequivalentannual benefitneab) of the benefits-benefit ratio (benefitcostratio, bcr) of the cost-benefit analysis (cost-benefitanalysis 82 short present value (netprentvalue, npv) of the effects incurred in the year of t means the cost r of the discount rate incurred in the year of t is the limit of the planned programme。
Netpresentvalue, npv bt
