Birth is always a sacred and mysterious matter, and when the male side is unable to give birth because of sperm problems, the human sperm bank gives hope to the family. While the shanghai sperm bank is always short of demand, it is not always open to everyone to donate, to meet quality requirements and to consider ethical issues. The deputy director of the human sperm bank and director of the laboratory in shanghai, du yanji, repeatedly stressed that sperm donations are more precious than money。
Sperm donors must undergo medical examinations, including medical examinations, blood tests, sperm quality tests, etc. For blood to be screened for hepatitis b and aids, it must be above 165 cm in height, above post-secondary level, not with a high profile, etc., and also for large chromosomes associated with genetic diseases。
Shanghai sperm bank, doctor check sperm. This is a picture of china
Before graduating from a university in shanghai, the pontoon tried to donate in his home country, “in order to make some pocket money”
Ma remembers that there were a lot of students at the university who chose to participate because they saw a donation commercial. Partly out of curiosity, undeniablely out of considerable subsidies, “we can get a total of $5,000 in our place if we complete the donation within three months”
For college students, that's a lot of money. However, the deputy director of the human sperm bank in shanghai and director of the laboratory, du yanji, repeatedly stressed that sperm donors should value love rather than financial aid. Although the sperm bank is now in short supply, only donors who meet quality requirements can contribute successfully, taking ethical considerations into account。
Birth is always a sacred and mysterious matter, and when the male side is unable to give birth because of sperm problems, the human sperm bank gives hope to the family. We walk into the human sperm bank and try to understand assistive procreation techniques and answer many questions about fertilization and donation。
There's no demand for sperm
For sperm donation, many people's awareness is still at a joke or shy talk。
Doo yingzhi indicated that the human sperm bank was designed to treat infertility and prevent genetic and sexually transmitted diseases, using ultra-low-temperature refrigeration techniques to collect, detect, preserve and provide sperm。
On 20 march 2003, the ministry of health officially approved the establishment of the shanghai city human sperm bank, the first and only human sperm bank in shanghai。
“the donation of semen is a pro bono humanitarian act, not a paid commercial one. But after all, donors who come to the sperm bank have spent time, effort and a certain amount of transportation costs, for which we have paid a certain amount of transportation and work-wreck subsidy.” in the interviews, du yanji said that love is more valuable than money。
The value of the donation is no less than that of blood, and an average of 10 couples now have at least one infertility. Research has found that in modern society, men are under tremendous pressure from work and life every day. In addition to the continuing deterioration of the global environment, the accelerating pace of work and the effects of adverse lifestyles, genetic problems and other factors, the quality of semen has deteriorated for men。
According to doo yanjie, sterility is about 10 per cent, with about half of the reasons related to men and zero spermism about 2 per cent of the total male population. Half of those without sperm are unable to give birth to their children through an in vitro, and at least 100,000 couples are required to provide sperm every year. However, sperm donations are not yet sufficient to meet the growing demand, and there are 19 existing sperm banks in the country, including shanghai。
When there is a problem with the husband, if she wants to become pregnant, the wife can only opt for artificial insemination. According to do yanjie, according to chinese law, there is only one legal source for obtaining sperm — the human sperm bank。
To find a source of excellence, the shanghai city human sperm bank recruits donors through a variety of means, including school-based love talks and web-based advocacy. By the end of september 2015, 7,628 qualified donors had been screened, and 9,921 women had been successfully conceived and 6957 children had been born through fertilized artificial and in vitro fertilization techniques. Even so, demand cannot be met。
Purpose of the donor
While the value of the donation is no less than blood, it is influenced by traditional perceptions that the subject of the donation is extremely mysterious and obscure to the public. The reference to sperm will inevitably be linked to “sex”, and even if there is to be some propaganda, it will be difficult to grasp it. "on the internet, on twitter, the input of `sperms' is likely to be blocked." it's hard for her too。
In addition, the granting of sperm donation benefits is seen by many as “inducing”. Not long ago, hubei province's human sperm bank sent news of an “iphone 6s buying new program” stating that donor sperm can easily own iphone 6s. One stone stirs a thousand waves and raises countless questions. While this is a common method of propaganda, it is true that the purpose is “not simple”。
Indeed, the supply of sperm banks is not in demand in china. The united kingdom established a national sperm bank last year, but one year later only nine “premiers” registered their donations。
The executive director of the sperm bank, laura witjens, called on the men to help ease the panic. However, she was not willing to encourage men to go to the donors by increasing them. She stated publicly that an increase in subsidies could raise issues, such as donors deliberately concealing their physical condition in order to obtain subsidies。
In her view, proof of masculinity might make men more interested in the donation. "if i put in the ad and said, 'man, prove your worth, let me see how good you are', then i get hundreds of donors."
“the donation of sperm is not just a grant, but it is also a matter of love, perhaps a part of the instinct of men, who want their genes to continue.” to be honest, not many people donate for the sole purpose of subsidies. In the practical work of the human sperm bank in shanghai city, there are a significant number of socially recognized donors of love who feel that they are in good health and in good condition, and who themselves are very willing to help the infertile couple get a healthy child through a caring initiative, and who are willing to donate free of charge。
During the major earthquake in wenchuan in 2008, there was a working man who wanted to do his part for the victims, but was unable to earn enough. When he learned that a donation was available, he asked the staff of the sperm bank to donate it directly to the affected areas。
Sperm quality is good
One of the reasons why the reference to “love” has always been made is that the donation of sperm is not easy, and even if someone really sees the subsidy, it is not so easy to get it。
“we have high quality requirements for sperm, higher than the average for the general population, which can be said to be the preferred.” the main human sperm bank in shanghai, dr. Chen, introduced the donor who filled out the application form and the sperm bank contacted them for examination. These include medical examinations, blood tests, sperm quality checks, etc. For blood to be screened for hepatitis b and aids, height must be above 165 cm, academic qualifications must be above the tertiary level, and there are appearance requirements, such as the lack of a high degree of near-sightedness, as well as screening of some large chromosomes associated with genetic diseases。
The most critical is sperm mass. Chen explained that the normal lower limit of sperm concentrations was 15 million sperms per ml, but that the health sector had introduced stricter standards for the provision of infertility to 60 million sperms per ml, which was four times the normal lower limit; another indicator was the percentage of forward motion sperms, which was 32 per cent and 60 per cent. As a result, the general screening success rate is only one quarter. In other words, only 20 out of 100 people meet the criteria and are formally involved in the donor team。
It should be noted that more than 70 other individuals are not sperm problems, but are less “hard” and do not worry about their future fertility. If a problem is detected during the examination, medical advice is given to a professional male physician, for example, to tell him where the problem is and how it can be treated, and many do not know their sperm。
“i met a college student who was supposed to donate, but found out he didn't actually have sperm. When he finds out about the problem, he goes to the treatment, and when he graduates from college, maybe the treatment succeeds, he can have a baby.” chen said that such situations were not common, but that early detection, early treatment and lack of taste were not good. “we want to tell society that the donor volunteers are proud. They are indeed excellent, not only in good health, but also in terms of academic qualifications.”
In fact, even if formally entered into the donor workforce through inspections, not all people will be able to get through to the end of the day, with both quality and sufficient quantity within six months. The process of giving sperm is not as simple as you would have imagined, and volunteers devote a lot of time and energy. This is why university students make up the majority of donors。
Chen explained that volunteers could only contribute after passing a full set of free male examinations. The whole donation process was completed in the human sperm bank in shanghai city, where, as men were in normal condition with only 2 to 6 ml of fertilisation at a time, and with the rise and fall of each individual's sperm condition, it was only possible to enter the collection once it was certified, so that it generally took seven to eight trips to complete the donation。
“the time of university students is easier to adjust and more subjective.” du yanji said that working hours were difficult to control and that there were times such as travel. The working hours of the sperm bank have been adjusted accordingly to enable volunteers to better schedule their time. Saturdays and sundays are working days, mondays and tuesdays。
Also because of the length and frequency of the sperm donation process, the sperm bank provided the volunteers with $50 per trip. Upon completion of the contribution of 17 ml per person, a total of $3,000 is paid for transportation, work failure and nutrition. Upon completion of the donation, a further hiv test is to be conducted after six months, with full eligibility and a subsidy of $5,000. If the pre-concentration process is completed within three months, there is an incentive of $1,000 and a total subsidy of $6,000. However, because of the length of the process, only 80 per cent of the qualified are volunteers who are truly able to sustain the donor process。
Sperm in a liquid environment。
This is a test of hiv antibodies in the blood of the fertilizer after six months of freezing of the fluid, as prescribed by the ministry of health, for negative use. Because after aids infection, there is a time when an infected antigen cannot be detected, called a window period. In order to ensure the safety of sperm, screening standards must be strictly enforced and all specimens must be stored for sufficient time (180 days quarantine period) to be repeated by the sperm for testing against hiv。
“the six-month time limit is not related to the quality of sperm, but rather to ensuring that the safety of the quality is assured. If the volunteers did not complete all their contributions within six months, then the check-ups made earlier would be useless.” du yanji explained。
It is not advisable to spend too long, but frequent donations are not recommended. “some volunteers feel that it's too much trouble to come once a week, and it's best to do it in one day.” chen has made it clear that the sperm bank certainly does not approve of this approach and is not realistic. In his view, such a donation, even in sufficient quantity, would not meet the standards. The six-month period is also intended to enable volunteers to adjust their state so that the quality of sperm at each donation can be qualified. “slowly, there is no need for too many one-time donations. Refitting the state, and the donation will have no effect on the body."
Ethical issues to be resolved
There are not enough donors, but there is a steady flow of those who seek them. In cooperation with more than 20 reproductive health centres in the country, the shanghai human sperm bank receives more than 20,000 requests each year from all over the country, but only 10,000 are actually available. “the usual waiting time is controlled by the reproductive centre, and some families with a female component still need treatment, so it is normal to wait about a year.”。
After testing the sperm of the donor volunteers, it will be stored in the liquid nitrogen environment of the sperm bank. In order to avoid marriage between close relatives, the ministry of health issued in 2006 the rules for the application of human assisted reproductive technology and the examination of human quality bank, which stipulate that the semen samples of each insemination shall not impregnate more than five women. Once five, the sperm will be destroyed。
A study in the united states showed that, in a community of around 800,000 people, a fertilizer gave birth to 25 children and that the chances of future generations marrying were almost zero, a more stringent provision in china. “the sperm bank permanently keeps information on each donor, and when these artificially conceived children reach the age of marriage, we can further reduce the likelihood of marriage by providing genetic counselling services to families in need.” du yanji said。
At the same time, for ethical reasons, donors and recipients are in a state of “blindness” in which health workers who provide and implement human assisted reproductive technology maintain “blindness” and “blindness” for both the supplier and future generations。
In practice, when all the sperm donors enter the archives of the sperm bank, they become a “number”. When providing sperm to reproductive centres, the sperm bank is also equipped with a physical profile card to record basic information on the height, education, origin, colour, face and preferences of the donor。
However, according to the relevant chinese policy, the identity of the supplier is confidential to the insinuator and his descendants. Access to the relevant information requires an application by a judicial authority. For example, the public security authorities need relevant information, which requires certification by the judiciary, otherwise the data of the donor and to whom the sperm is given need to be kept strictly confidential.” this is the most important ethical norm of the sperm bank, which protects not only the donor, but also the fertilized and their descendants.” chen says。
However, it would be paradoxical for many to feel that such a provision deprives the insinuators and their descendants of the right to know。
In this respect, britain has pioneered. From april 2005, the descendants of british fertilizers will have the right to know their biological father after the age of 18. However, the appropriateness of such an approach would have to be tested over time. It has been commented that the scarcity of sperm suppliers in the national bank of england may also be relevant. The british media also reported that a woman had called for a change in the law to treat sperm as “matrimonial property” and that hospitals were required to consult her wife before a married man could donate sperm. The woman expressed concern that children born out of a donation from their husband might be connected to them in the future and destabilize their families。
Are there any restrictions under chinese law on the donation of sperm to married men? At present, both married and unmarried, men who qualify can donate. “all pre-contributions are preceded by a written consent, and the volunteer is an adult who is free to judge. If he's going to donate, we can't interfere.” chen says to the front。
On the question of whether a man who is married can donate or not, the director of the shanghai society for law studies on life law and public health law, secretary-general yang yan than, indicated that at present the law is not clear. In her view, however, according to the basic standards and technical guidelines of the human sperm bank, reference is made to the immediate disqualification of the sperm supplier in the following cases: 1 genital herpes; 2 genital herpes; 3 genital ulcers; 4 urinary abnormalities; and 5 fertilizers with new sexual partners. It is assumed that the sperm donor is a sexualless partner at the time of donation, i. E., can donate in the absence of a spouse。
“there are also ethical issues that deserve to be studied.” yan dan said。
I'm a donor
I. Who can donate
Chinese citizens, usually residing in shanghai, aged 20-45, are above 165 cm
Higher education and above
Donors are required to meet health screening standards, as required by the national commission for the defence of human rights
Weaknesses, colour-blindness, hypertension, heart disease, etc., no appetite, no history of genetic and sexually transmitted diseases, etc.
Donors are fully informed of the use, rights and obligations of the sperm supplied and have informed consent
The first arrival requires the completion of the diploma (or student certificate) and the original of the second-generation identity card。
An application for a donation was submitted, and only after rigorous medical screening of the human sperm bank in shanghai city, the opportunity to become a donor was available。
Ii. Who is not fit to donate
Family history of genetic diseases or genetic diseases
(b) persons with mental illness
(b) persons suffering from infectious diseases or carrying their source
Long-term exposure to radiation and harmful substances
(a) those whose semen is not qualified
Other patients suffering from serious physical problems。
Iii. What are the processes for the donation
First, staff members will conduct psychological evaluations of donors, fill out personal information forms and sign a letter of intent to donate
(a) doctors ask questions about the donor's genetic history and medical history and general medical examinations
The donor removes the sperm from the chamber, laboratory semen examination
(b) blood-screeching tests after certification, which are reported for approximately 14 days
The sperm and blood tester begins to donate and a consent letter is signed prior to the donation
Once admitted as a fertilizer, the sperm is donated every three to five days to the sperm bank, and the disease is forbidden for three to five days before the donation, as required. The semen collection process is self-inflicted in the extraction chamber. The donor must remain alone in the room; the others must not be accompanied, and the corresponding transport, nutrition, etc. Is paid for each donation
(b) several contributions of sperm in accordance with the requirements of the sperm bank until the storage requirements for samples of semen are met
Six months after the cessation of the donation, a blood test review will be conducted at the sperm bank
The sperm bank will provide donors who have completed the above-mentioned procedures with appropriate overtime and transportation allowances。
Iv. What tests do you do before donating
Free medical examination of the human sperm bank in shanghai (parts of the project are subject to gradual eligibility)
A: first time on the project:
Blood pressure check
2. Heart test
3. Colour-blind, weak screening
4. Regular male examinations
5. Semen analysis
Chlamydia, phytopathogens, gonorrhea and pathogenic bacteria testing
If one of the above items 1-4 is ineligible, it cannot be continued
If item 1-4 above is fully eligible and item 5-6 is not eligible, it may be reviewed next time
The first blood analysis is performed if all of the above-mentioned 1-5 examinations (including review) are satisfactory:
B: first blood analysis project
1. Hepatitis b 2-half
2. Anti-hiv (hiv)
If both a and b qualify, a second blood analysis is performed:
C: second blood analysis project
1. Rpr (syphilis)
2. Gpt (hepatic function)
3. Hepatitis c antibodies
Megacells
5. Bow worms
Identification of blood groups
Chromosome screening
V. Does the donor have any physical damage
Donations don't hurt your body. The principal components of semen are moisture and a small amount of organic components, and the normal male testicles produce sperm every hour. Under normal circumstances, when a certain amount of semen is produced in the body, it is excreted by various means, such as dreams. Thus, for normal young men, two to three fertilisations per week do not have any harmful effects on the body。
