A lot of people have a question: why do mobile phones and electric cars have a low-temperature superconductorLithium batteriesWhen the weather gets cold, it's falling and it gets worse
The core answer is that superconductive conductivity is a physical conductive phenomenon, while lithium batteries rely on electrochemical reactions, and the two bottom mechanisms are completely different and cannot be compared together。
Let's start with superdirection:
When superconductive materials reach critical levels of extreme temperatures, electronic motion is no longer resistant and currents can be transmitted without loss. It is concerned with electronic movement, which does not require a chemical reaction, but the quantum physics of the material itself. However, it is extremely demanding, with most superconductors requiring very low temperatures, and applications focused on specific equipment such as nuclear magnetism, scientific equipment, superconductive cables and batteries。
And look at the electrochemical logic of lithium batteries:
Lithium batteries discharge, store, and do not run by electronics. The core is the transport of lithium ions in electrolytic fluids, which are embedded between positive and negative poles, de-embedded and synchronized with the oxidation reduction response to release or store electrical energy。
The damage caused by low temperatures is directed at the ion reaction system:
Reduced temperature, increased electrolytic viscosity, reduced mobility and significantly slower movement of lithium ions;
Battery internal resistance rises rapidly, with some of the electrical energy being converted directly into heat consumption; at the same time, the positive-negative electrochemical reaction activity is inhibited and the active material that can participate in the reaction is reduced。
In a simple sentence: superconduction is electronic running without resistance; at low temperatures, the lithium ion in the lithium cell that works is “failed”, slows down and naturally decreases in capacity and power。
Of course, there are specialized cryogenic batteries, such as modified lithium phosphate and lithium titanium, which can work at less than 20°c or even 40°c for polar communications, field industrial equipment, military engineering scenarios。
However, the cost of such batteries is high for three reasons:
1. Special raw materials: specialized electrolytic fluids with lower ice points and better ion conductivity need to be deployed, combined with a negative, modified positive and negative level of lithium titanium, with raw materials at a higher price than normal lithium batteries
2. Heavy production processes, high requirements for the humidity and cleanliness of workshops and low yield of good products
3. Small-scale customized products, in small demand, cannot afford large-scale production at low cost, making it difficult to reach consumer products such as mobile phones and electric cars。
One sentence: ultraconductor electrons, with batteries dependent on ion; physical conductive power and electrochemical energy are two separate sets of bottom logic。
