GasClassification
Gases are a gaseous fuel consisting of multiple flammable components. The gas is very diverse and complex
Generally, two categories can be classified as natural and artificial。
Incendiary
The occurrence of stove gas is a form of artificial gas. It is a gas that is sourced from solid carbon-containing fuels and obtained in the furnaces where specialized equipment occurs. Gasification agents used in the manufacture of furnace gas are air, water vapour. Fossil gas of different compositions and natures can be produced, depending on the use of a gasification agent, usually in four categories:
Air gas - a gasification agent for air (actually oxygen in air)
Combining gas - a gasification agent using a mixture of air and water vapour
Aqueous gas - gasification with vapour
Oxygen gas - a gasification agent made of a mixture of air, water vapour and oxygen (plus pure oxygen)。
Air gas
Since solid fuels react only with oxygen, the flammable component of the gas is mainly carbon monoxide, and its heat is generally low, at 800-9000 large calories/m3 or even lower, so it is rarely used in industry and is generally a by-product of furnace production。
Water and gas
Water gas is derived from water vapour and high temperature carbon reactions. As the reaction is heat-inhaling, the temperature of the furnace must be maintained in a gap between the production of ... The higher co and h2 of the gas produced, the higher heat of the gas, but the lower heat efficiency of about 54 per cent and the complexity of the high-cost equipment. In general, it is used as synthetic ammonia feedstock gas and less for industrial fuels. In some cases, a small amount of air is added to the water gas process, which is called semi-water gas 1。
Mixed gas
Combination of gas combines the characteristics of air and water gas, with water vapour and air blends in the oven, which are produced at a higher level than air gas heat, a mixture of gas at a lower level than water and gas heat, and generally in production. Thermal values of this gas vary according to the nature of the fuel used and vary between 1200 and 1500 large calories/beamme. It is widely used as heating fuel for various industrial furnaces. Because of the use of vapours and air mixtures as a aerosol, vapours can reduce the temperature of the combustion layer (fire layer) to prevent slags and maintain them
Continuous production, with heat efficiency of over 70 per cent。
These gases have a low heating value and are collectively referred to as low-heat gas; carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas in the gas are important chemical materials that can be used for synthetic ammonia, synthetic methanol, etc. For this reason, the gas used as a chemical feedstock is referred to as synthetic gas, which is also availableNatural gasLight oil and heavy oil。
Gases are gases that occur when carbon-containing substances are not fully burned. The main components are carbon monoxide, non-colour-free, toxic, and inhaled by humans and animals combined with blood hemoglobins (more than oxygen combined with hemoglobin, resulting in a degree of oxygen deficiency). It's called coal poisoning。
The amount of gas in the oven
In the case of stove gas, it occurs in single segments and in double segments, with different compositions of the two gases
Single-part furnace
Group
H2
Co
Co2
N2
Ch4
O2
H2s
% content
7-10
23-27
6-8
48-54
1. 5-3
0. 1-0. 5
0. 04
Double-part furnace
Group
H2
Co
Co2
N2
Ch4
O2
H2s
% content
11-15
27-31
3-5
46-52
1. 5-3
0. 1-0. 5
0. 04
Water and gas
The main components of aqueous vapours, generated through hot coke, are carbon monoxide, hydrogen gas, water and carbon dioxide emissions after combustion, and trace co2, hc and nox. The rate of combustion is 7. 5 times higher than that of gasoline, which is highly explosive and, according to foreign studies and patents, can be reduced up to 12. 5. Thermal efficiency increased by 20 to 40 per cent, power increased by 15 per cent, combustion consumption reduced by 30 per cent, tail gas purification near the euroiv standard (these indicators should also be validated, but the effects are positive), and trace platinum catalysts could be used to cleanse. Costs and investments are lower than those for simple manufacture and reduction of equipment for alcohol and ethers. Compression or liquefied are close to hydrogen gas, but no removal of co is required, and construction investment is low. Reductions in costs and investment may also be partially compensated for the investment and costs of compression (and of the production of ethers) or liquefied. Toxic, industrially used as a fuel and chemical raw materials。
Cleaner water gas (mainly co and h2) can be produced from water vapour through hot coal formations, and the phenomenon rises higher and becomes light blue (hydrogen and co burning colours). Chemical equation c+h2o (high temperature) -->co+h2. That's why wet coal burns more than dry coal。
Gas plants are often deliberately involved in a small amount of unsmelling gas in domestic gas, typically co and h2, in order to be smelled and detected in time for gas leaks. Ch4+h2o - co+3h2, one of the gas-fuels used in the furnaces of environmentally friendly water gas. The main components are hydrogen and carbon monoxide. It is derived from the use of water vapour and red-hot smoke-free coal or coke. Industry uses the occasional break between steam and air rotation, or the continuum between steam and oxygen. Thermal value is about 10,500 kj/standard m3。
Cline gas
Combine gas is a flammable gas that is made of several kinds of pyrotechnic coals and which, after high-temperature dry distillation in the furnaces, is a by-product of the calcium products, while producing coke and tar products. Mainly fuel and chemical materials. Combustion gas consists mainly of hydrogen and methane, at 56 per cent and 27 per cent, respectively, and has small quantities of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, oxygen and other hydrocarbons; its low heating value is 18250 kj/nm3, its density is 0. 4 ~0. 5 kg/nm3, and its kinematic viscosity is 25 x 10`(-6) m2/s。
The sources of gas combustion in people's lives are broadly divided into the three main categories of liquefied petroleum gas (y), artificial gas (r) and natural gas (t)。
Liquefied petroleum gas (lpg) is the remaining oil tail gas in the process of refining oils such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel and heavy oil. Through certain procedures, the oil tail gas is recycled and pressure measures are taken to make it liquid and contained in a pressure container, from which the name of the lpg is derived. Its main components are ethylene, ethylene, acetylene, propane and butane, which are in a liquid state in the cylinders, and if released, they will become flammable gas approximately 250 times the size of the original and are highly diffuse, burning or explosion in the open fire. Therefore, special attention should be given to lpg use。
Gases are made of solid materials such as coal or coke, which are either distilled or vapourized, and consist mainly of carbon oxide, methane and hydrogen. As a result, gas is toxic and easily formed into explosive mixtures by air and should be used with high attention. Gas is broadly defined as the total name of the gas naturally formed in the layer. However, natural gas, commonly referred to, refers only to a flammable gas rich in hydrocarbons stored in the deeper layers of the ground, while natural gas co-incorporated with oil is often referred to as oil fields. Natural gas has been transformed from organic matter hundreds of millions of years ago, with the main component being methane, and under different geological formation conditions there are different amounts of low-carbon alkanes such as ethane, propane, butane, pentanes, hexadecane and non-hydrocarbon substances such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas and sulphides; some also contain helium2 in gas fields。
Thermal value of natural gas is between 8,000 and 8,500 calories per cubic unit。
Lpg combustion heat per kg is 11,000 kcal. The weight of gaseous liquefied gas is 2. 5 kg/m3. Thermal value of lpg/cube is 25,200 kcal. This shows that the heat of a cubic liquefied gas combustion is three times that of natural gas, but there are reports that the heat of liquefied gas is seven times that of natural gas。
Liquefied gas weighs 14. 5 kg per bottle, with a total burning heat value of 159,500 kcal, equivalent to the combustion heat of 20 cubics of natural gas。
High stove gas
The main components are co, c02, n2, h2 and ch4 by-products of the iron refining process, of which the flammable ingredient co is about 25 per cent, the h2 and ch4 are low, the co2 and n2 are 15 per cent and 55 per cent, respectively, and the heat is only about 3,500 kj/m3。
Chemical process
The high-pressure winder (rotz winder) blows and heats through the furnaces and then enters the furnaces. This heat wind and coke is fueled by carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hot coke produce carbon monoxide, and carbon monoxide is added to iron in iron ore, which is the chemical process of iron refining. Iron water is temporarily stored at the bottom of the furnace and is regularly released for direct steel refining or sorghum2。
At this point in time, there was also a large surplus of carbon monoxide in the furnace gas, the hybrid gas being the “heaven gas”。
This gas, containing flammable carbon monoxide, is a low-heat gas fuel that can be used for self-use gas in metallurgical enterprises, such as ingots, preheated steel water packs, etc. It can also be provided for civilian use, which can be called “mixing and gas” if it can be added to the stove gas, thus increasing the heat value 2。
Gas applications
Mixed gas is widely used as heating fuel for various industrial stoves. In addition, “half-water gas” from steam and air blowing together is still being used. It can be used as a fuel or as a feedstock for synthetic ammonia, synthetic oil, organic synthesis, hydrogen manufacture, etc. Natural gas is an important source of energy and is widely used as an urban gas and industrial fuel; it accounted for about 18 to 19 per cent of world energy consumption in the 1970s. Natural gas is also an important chemical feedstock。
Gas preparation
Natural gas is extracted from the surface by drilling wells, such as natural gas and coal. Artificial gas is obtained by thermal decomposition or gasification of a solid or liquid carbon-containing fuel, which is common in the case of stoves, furnaces, oil and gas。
Attention, gas poisoning
It's gas poisoning in the familyCarbon monoxide poisoningLiquefied petroleum gas, pipe gas, gas poisoning, most of which occurs in the winter with coal stoves, closed doors and windows, and bad smoke discharges, are common in liquid stoves or gas pipelines. Gas can easily be combined with haemoglobin in humans. When the gas poisoning was first felt as headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and weakness, when he became aware of the poisoning, he often struggled to get out of the bed and open the window, but generally only a few people opened the door, most of the patients quickly experienced spasms, comas, double cheeks, front chest skins and lips, and died of cherries if the treatment was not timely. Gas poisoning is based on the concentration of carbon monoxide contained in its inhalation of air, the duration of the poisoning. When living in indoor carbon monoxide of 0. 06 per cent, people suffer from headaches, headaches, nausea, vomiting, dyslexia, etc.; in excess of 0. 1 per cent, if inhaled for only half an hour, people fall asleep, leading to coma; and in 0. 4 per cent, if inhaled for just one hour, death can occur。
Permanent threes:
Light 3
1. The duration of the poisoning is short, with blood containing 10 to 20 per cent haemoglobin. The early symptoms of poisoning, manifested in dizziness, heart palpitation, nausea, vomiting, weakness of the limbs, and even brief fainting, are generally sober, inhaled into fresh air, removed from the poisoning environment, rapidly disappearing and generally left no aftereffects。
2. Medium 3
For a longer period of time, between 30 per cent and 40 per cent of the haemoglobins are found in the blood, and there can be a fallout or coma based on light symptoms. Skin and mucous membranes exhibit cherry reds that are specific to gas poisoning. If rescued in time, they can be sobered quickly and fully recovered within a few days, generally without after-effects。
Heavy 3
Lately, too much gas was found to be inhaled, or high concentrations of carbon monoxide were inhaled in a short period of time, blood haemoglobin concentrations of more than 50 per cent were found, patients were exposed to deep comas, various reflections disappeared, urine was incontinent, limbs were cold, blood pressure decreased and breathing was fast and dying. The longer the general period of coma, the more serious it is, the more often it is to suffer from dementia, loss of memory and understanding, physical paralysis, etc。
Concentration of co and its symptoms
Co concentrations 0. 02%: 2-3 hours with mild headaches。
The concentration of co 0. 04%: 1 - 2 hours of consternation and 2. 5 - 3 hours of pain in the back of the head。
Co concentrations 0. 08%: 45 minutes of headaches, nausea, vomiting, 2 hours of unconsciousness。
Concentrations of 0. 16% of co: headaches, nausea, vomiting in 20 minutes and death in 2 hours。
Concentrations of 0. 32 per cent of co: headaches of 5-10 minutes and death of 30 minutes。
The concentration of co was 0. 60%: 1-2 minutes with both headaches and 10-15 minutes of death。
Co concentration 1. 28%: deaths between 1 and 3 minutes。
Symptoms of poisoning and first aid measures
Gas poisoning refers primarily to carbon monoxide poisoning, with the following list of symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning at different concentrations: symptoms of poisoning at different co concentrations
(1) prompt and timely rescue of the intoxicant from the gas hazard area, lift him to fresh air, untie his pants and keep him/her warm, keep him/her quiet and ventilated and assign a person to maintain order。
(2) persons suffering from mild poisoning, such as headaches, nausea, vomiting, can be sent directly to a nearby health station for first aid 3。
(3) in cases where the intoxication is more severe, i. E. Loss of consciousness, foaming of the mouth, etc., the gas guard and the health station personnel shall be notified of their arrival at the scene。
(4) the intoxicator has stopped breathing and shall immediately perform artificial respiration at the site and use a awakening device, and notify the gas guard and health station personnel to arrive at the site to save the victim。
(5) an ambulance shall not be used to provide first aid to a remote hospital until the person has recovered his or her consciousness, and an effective first aid measure shall be taken on his or her way to the hospital, accompanied by medical personnel。
Intoxication first aid principle 3
In case of gas poisoning in the operation of the furnace, the first aid should be provided depending on the extent of the poisoning。
1. On-duty operators or maintenance personnel shall immediately enter the fresh air, breathe fresh air and open indoor windows and ventilation to enhance air convection and reduce the concentration of carbon monoxide in the interior。
2. When symptoms such as nausea and asthma occur, rest in the fresh air, relax and keep warm. It can also be delivered directly to the nearest infirmary。
3. When a coma occurs, it shall immediately be moved to the fresh air for artificial respiration and the staff and medical personnel of the gas protection station shall be notified of the urgent emergency on-site。
4. The person in question has stopped breathing and should be given artificial respiration at the scene, first aid with a succulent device or first aid with artificial respiration, and the staff of the gas protection station and the medical staff should be informed to proceed to the scene。
5. In the event of a coma and a stop to breathing, the rescuer cannot be taken to a remote hospital for first aid until he/she is conscious, and should be provided with effective first aid on his/her way to the nearest hospital, accompanied by medical personnel。
Follow-up
1 insisting that in the morning to the park or on the balcony, deep-breath exercise, tai chi punches, approximately 30 minutes per day, light- and medium-sized intoxicants should practice in the morning for 7 to 14 consecutive days; heavy-heavy intoxicants may practice in the morning for 3 to 6 consecutive months on the basis of after-effects, for five fowl plays, iron shirts, eight bands, etc。
It continues to receive 1 to 2 pills per day, 7 to 14 days in length, or vitamin c 0. 1 to 0. 2 g, 3 times a day, with appropriate doses of vitamin b1, b6, vitamin b, etc。
3. Check gas use to prevent further poisoning:
A. Check for leakage of gas, reasonableness of installation, non-facility of gas stoves, correctness of use etc.
B. Whether the winter heating method is correct, the gas pipeline is open, indoor ventilation is good, etc.
C. Do not use coal stoves for heating as much as possible and, if used, comply with the coal stove heating rules and do not hesitate.
D. Water heaters should be constructed for bath chambers and frequent inspection of gas and water heater connections.
E. If gas smells when entering the room, open the doors and windows quickly and check for gas leaks or coal stoves in the room, without ignition.
F. Regular cleaning of cooking stoves to ensure that they do not cause human contamination and, after the use of gas switches, wash hands with soap and wash them with running water. Installation of exhaust fans or oil smokers in the kitchen.
G. Specialized rubber hoses for gas must be used, and no nylons, ethylene tubes or broken pipes can be used to open the road semi-annually。
Expansion of gas poisoning prevention measures
The carbon monoxide gas generated by coal combustion is the primary cause of death (smoothing toxic, molecular co, molecular 28, intermediate after organic oxide or burning). While the smoothing of chimneys and the quality of coal instruments ensure timely emissions of carbon monoxide, there is no guarantee of gas poisoning in case of occurrence. Gas, which is carbon monoxide gas, is colourless and tasteless. With regard to the toxic mechanisms, mainly carbon monoxide, which is highly likely to be combined with haemoglobins, and the formation of haemoglobins, which deprives the haemoglobins of the ability to carry aerobic molecules, thus causing asphyxiation and toxin effects in biocellular tissues, especially the most severe effects on brain cortex cells, it is too late when people realize that they have gas poisoning. Human gas poisoning is often characterized by dizziness, weakness of limbs and lack of attention. Because the brain nervous system that governs the operation of the human body is the first to suffer, making it impossible for people to save themselves with purpose, the lives of gas-toxicers are at stake。
The key to heating of coal is that air-circulation winds in indoor space are blocked or that wind vents do not meet carbon monoxide gas emissions as soon as possible. Because humans ' brains are life-threatening due to a lack of oxygen in about five minutes, the emission rate of indoor carbon monoxide should be designed at the best standard to ensure that the overall concentration of indoor carbon monoxide gases is less than 5 per cent or less. How to master this parameter, mainly the flow of indoor air within a short period of time and the formal operation of heating stoves, will guarantee both indoor temperatures during winter and carbon monoxide removal as soon as possible, is the most critical issue 4。
The government is not in a position to fully address the problems of mobile populations and economic underdevelopment, as well as the way people in remote areas are concentrated in heating, in the context of our growing economy and the massive movement of people. People living in urban-rural unions and in remote and poor areas continue to use cheap coal-fired methods for heating during the winter. Insufficient knowledge of carbon monoxide and inadequate understanding of the use of heating furnaces, as well as semi-lysis of the corrosion of metals by sulphides and carbides in combustion materials, have led to massive deposition congestion and lack of timely removal of surface chemical reactions within furnaces and chimneys. Coal smoke particles and metal chemical sediments block pyrotechnics so that carbon monoxide toxic gases from coal combustion cannot be released in a timely manner, which is also the main cause of carbon monoxide poisoning。
The most appropriate approach to preventing carbon monoxide poisoning should be found in two ways. First, people heat in winter as much as possible by group heating or by ground heating and air conditioning. Second, if the conditions are not met, it is important to start thinking about solutions from the perspective of indoor air cycles. In accordance with the cycle of cold and warm air, the heating stream and carbon monoxide in the house are generally above the interior space and the cold air is at the bottom of the interior space. If a venting hole with a diameter of more than 10 centimetres is opened at the bottom of the window or elsewhere, an accelerated discharge of the air circulation by allowing out-of-door clean air to enter the room quickly is the best way to address gas poisoning. In addition, during the day, we can close the vent below the room to ensure the temperature inside, and at night, when people rest, we open the vent to ensure the rapid circulation of indoor air. In this way, exposure to carbon monoxide can be avoided completely during winter. Another way to do this is to set up an exhaust fan in the vents of the wind, which can be opened at night to operate the wind switch to accelerate emissions of indoor sulfur gas and carbon monoxide. Alternatively, an automatic carbon monoxide and wind venting device is designed in the interior to automatically detect the concentration of carbon monoxide in the interior and achieve automated exhaust control4。
Based on people's inert practices, gas poisoning should be avoided in winter coal heating, as far as possible, by setting the easiest and safest ventilation method for air currents, with gas venting at about 0. 5 cubic metres per minute. That is to say, the installation of air convection holes at the best part of the room constitutes a rapid circulation of the air from wind vents and gas vents to ensure the minimum and high oxygen content of carbon monoxide in the room. This approach is also based on the repeated occurrence of carbon monoxide poisoning in recent years with the deepening urbanization of the country, as well as the concentration of people around cities and the heating of coal in remote areas during winter. In any case, indoor air velocity determines the probability of poisoning carbon monoxide. There are also certain factors in the size of the indoor air convection hole, which, depending on the rate of the indoor air convection, should be designed in an area above 400 square centimetres and generally around 100 square centimetres. The rapid movement of fresh air from the lower layers with polluted air and carbon monoxide from indoors ensures the best residential temperature in the winter, while reducing the probability of gas poisoning or ensuring that gas poisoning does not occur again。
Preventive measures
(1) immediately open doors and windows to move patients to areas where they are well ventilated and fresh in the air, so as to be warm. Find the cause of the gas leak and remove the hazard4。
(2) untie your shirts, keep your respiratory tracts open, clear your nose and nose, and if breath breaks are found, you shall immediately have an artificial mouth-to-mouth respiration and an external heart massage。
(3) an immediate treatment of needle stings, taking out the temples of the sun, shortage, middle class, small business, ten decathlons, congeals, springs, three miles, etc. Lightly and moderately poisoned persons can gradually awaken after a needle。
(4) the immediate delivery of oxygen with conditions for immediate transfer to the high-pressure oxygen chamber of the hospital for high-pressure oxygen treatment, especially for patients with medium- and heavy-duty gas poisonings, will not only revive the sick but also reduce the after-effects。
(5) immediate intravenous injection of 50% glucose 50 ml plus vitamin c500 - 1000 mg. Light- and medium-sized patients can be used for two days, one to two times a day, not only to replenish energy, but also to dehydration, with early application to prevent or reduce brain edema。
(6) the unconscious person is treated as a coma patient。
Provisions relating to incident management
(1) any incident involving gas poisoning, fire, explosion or large-scale leakage of gas shall be reported immediately to the head of the gas station and to the relevant authorities and, in the event of gas poisoning, to the plant health station. In the event of a gas fire, an explosion should be reported to the security section and the security section, with on-site protection and temporary handling of the incident。
(2) upon notification of the incident, the competent authority shall immediately organize the presence of persons at the scene and all persons who have been rescued from the incident shall be subject to unified authority and direction。
(3) the scene of the accident shall contain a dangerous area, a post-protected site to prevent the entry of non-rescue personnel, and persons who are in danger of entering the gas shall be required to wear oxygen respirators and the use of gauze, masks or other devices not suitable for preventing gas poisoning shall be strictly prohibited。
(4) no gas may be restored to the gas facility until the cause of the accident has been identified and the necessary security measures have been taken。
When the concentration of co is less than 30 mg/m, normal working hours do not exceed 0. 5 hours and 15 minutes。
Gas explosion
(1) in the event of a gas explosion, the source of the gas shall be cut off immediately, the vapours shall be quickly released and the residual gas shall be cleared。
(2) fire caused by a gas explosion shall be cut after the first fire has been extinguished, in accordance with the fire incident protocol。
Time allowed at different gas concentrations
In the case of limited working hours described below, two jobs must be performed at intervals of more than two hours. Allowed to work at co concentration
